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Microbiology Class

Microbiology Class

Best Microbiology Resource Hub for Notes, Seminars, Courses

  • Welcome to MicrobiologyClass | Africa’s Leading Microbiology Platform
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  • Bacteriology
  • Biotechnology
  • Careers in Microbiology
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology
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  • Microscopy & Microscope
  • Molecular Microbiology
  • Mycology
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
  • Project & Seminar Topics
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  • Research, Proposal & Scholarships
    • HOW TO CREATE YOUR EUROPASS CV AND EUROPASS COVER LETTER FOR EU APPLICATIONS (JOBS, RESEARCH, EDUCATION)
    • How to write a COVER LETTER – Faculty, Postgraduate, Postdoc – sample attached
    • RESEARCH PROPOSAL TIPS FOR GRANTS & PROJECTS
    • Sample template on how to write your research achievements and results when applying for a fellowship or grant
    • Access to scholarship and funding opportunities for conferences, study (B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.), postdoctoral fellowships and research grants
    • Steps for a Successful Post-Doctoral Fellowship Application, Grant Call or Scholarships for Postgraduate Studies Abroad – A Personal Memoir 
    • CURRENT CALLS & Scholarships for Training, Postdoc, Higher Education & Jobs
    • The Proposal Writer’s Guide
    • COMMON MISTAKES INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS MAKE IN SCHOLARSHIP APPLICATIONS
    • Important Microbiology Websites for Study & Opportunities
  • Virology

Author: Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu

Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu is a distinguished Microbiologist, Researcher, and Educator with an extensive international profile. He is a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Foundation, Germany, and currently serves as a Research Fellow at the Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany. His research focuses on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the ecological impacts of antibiotics, with particular emphasis on soil ecosystems. He is the founder and developer of Africa’s leading microbiology platform, www.MicrobiologyClass.net, a widely recognized knowledge hub that supports students, professionals, and researchers across Africa and beyond. The platform is a key resource for advancing microbiology education and research with global reach and relevance. Throughout his career, Dr. Ejikeugwu has held several prestigious international research appointments and fellowships, including a Research Fellowship at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany, within the soilRESIST project, where he investigated the effects of antibiotic mixtures on soil microbiomes. He has also completed postdoctoral fellowships at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany, under the DAAD program, and at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, under the MIF fellowship scheme. In recognition of his contributions to AMR research, he received the Young Investigator Award on AMR from Institut Mérieux, France, in 2021. He is also a recipient of the NIH CAMRA grant supporting research on AMR in poultry environments. Dr. Ejikeugwu was a member of the Global Young Academy (GYA), Germany, and holds memberships in several professional organizations, including Applied Microbiology International (AMI), the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), and the Nigerian Society for Microbiology (NSM). He earned his PhD. in Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology in 2017 from Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. In his current role as Reader at ESUT, Nigeria, he is deeply engaged in teaching, mentorship, and research leadership. He supervises undergraduate and postgraduate students, fostering academic development and strengthening capacity in microbiology and AMR research. Driven by a sustained commitment to scientific excellence, education, and international collaboration, Dr. Ejikeugwu continues to contribute significantly to the advancement of microbiology and AMR research worldwide.
  • Home
  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • Page 4
CELL DIVISION – MITOSIS
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism

CELL DIVISION – MITOSIS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 7, 2023

Cell division is simply defined as the general way in which a microbial cell or […]

BACTERIAL SPORES
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism

BACTERIAL SPORES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 7, 2023

Spores are the resistant inactive structures formed by some prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Spore formation […]

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF LICHEN ACIDS (SECONDARY METABOLITES)
  • Mycology

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF LICHEN ACIDS (SECONDARY METABOLITES)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 7, 2023

Lichens produce two types of metabolites: primary metabolites (e.g. carbohydrates and amino acids) and secondary […]

LICHEN METABOLISM
  • Mycology

LICHEN METABOLISM

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 7, 2023

All microorganisms carry out two modes of metabolism during their lifetime, and these are mainly […]

GRAM SMEAR OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) SAMPLE
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

GRAM SMEAR OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) SAMPLE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 7, 2023

AIM: To detect the presence of pus cells and bacteria in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen. […]

MICROSCOPY OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

MICROSCOPY OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 7, 2023

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples are obtained with extra precautions using a technique called lumbar puncture. […]

THE PLACE OF STATISTICS IN THE STUDY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
  • Epidemiology

THE PLACE OF STATISTICS IN THE STUDY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 7, 2023

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that is concerned with the proper method of collecting, […]

PATHOGEN & HOST FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DISEASE DEVELOPMENT
  • Epidemiology

PATHOGEN & HOST FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DISEASE DEVELOPMENT

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 7, 2023

Once a disease-causing microorganism (pathogen) gains entry into the body of a susceptible host, the […]

USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN CELL CULTURE LABORATORY
  • Cell Culture Notes

USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN CELL CULTURE LABORATORY

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 7, 2023

Bacterial contamination of cells was one of the major threats encountered in the culturing of […]

EQUIPMENT USED IN CELL CULTURE LAB
  • Cell Culture Notes

EQUIPMENT USED IN CELL CULTURE LAB

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 7, 2023

Laminar flow cabinet (hood) The laminar flow biological safety cabinet which can also be called […]

BETA-LACTAMASE: an important resistance mechanism in bacteria
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

BETA-LACTAMASE: an important resistance mechanism in bacteria

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 3, 2023

Beta-lactamases are enzymes secreted by both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and which have […]

MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA (MDRB)
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA (MDRB)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 3, 2023

The introduction of antibiotics into clinical medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases heralded an […]

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA
  • Public Health & Parasitology

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 3, 2023

Malaria is increasing at a worrying rate compared to the other blood and tissue parasitic […]

FACTORS THAT AFFECT TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA
  • Public Health & Parasitology

FACTORS THAT AFFECT TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • June 3, 2023

Environmental factors greatly enhances the spread and transmission of malaria because these climatic factors which […]

MUTAGENESIS
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

MUTAGENESIS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • May 20, 2023

Mutagenesis is the careful alteration of the genetic information of an organism’s genome in such […]

MUTATION
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

MUTATION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • May 20, 2023

Mutation is a change in the genetic make-up (or DNA) of an organism.It is an […]

GENTAMICIN
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

GENTAMICIN

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • May 20, 2023

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Aminoglycosides are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis like the tetracyclines, […]

CIPROFLOXACIN
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

CIPROFLOXACIN

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • May 20, 2023

Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is derived from the earlier quinolones. Nalidixic acid is […]

MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION INTERPRETATION: Guidelines for accurate testing
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION INTERPRETATION: Guidelines for accurate testing

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • May 20, 2023

This definitive guide unlocks the secrets of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration interpretation with clear explanations of […]

MEASUREMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY/ACTIVITY
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

MEASUREMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY/ACTIVITY

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • May 20, 2023

The determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of a given pathogen to a particular antimicrobial agent […]

MEMBRANE FILTRATION TECHNIQUE
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

MEMBRANE FILTRATION TECHNIQUE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • May 20, 2023

Filtration is simply defined as the separation of particles from fluid or liquids by the […]

Selenite F broth
  • Culture media
  • Microbe Lab

Selenite F broth

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • May 19, 2023

In the microbiology laboratory, pure cultures of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) are critical to the success […]

CULTURE OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

CULTURE OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

AIM: To isolate organism from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen as an aid in the diagnosis […]

MICROSCOPY OF SPUTUM SPECIMEN
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab
  • Microbe Lab

MICROSCOPY OF SPUTUM SPECIMEN

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

AIM: To detect the presence of pus cells and predominant bacteria in sputum specimens as […]

LICHENS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
  • Mycology

LICHENS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Lichen is simply a symbiotic association of slow-growing microorganisms that is composed mainly of a […]

TREATMENT & PREVENTION OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS
  • Mycology

TREATMENT & PREVENTION OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Fungal infection is treated using antifungal drugs. Some of the drugs used for the treatment […]

BACTERIAL FLAGELLATION
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism

BACTERIAL FLAGELLATION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Flagella (singular: flagellum) are the organelles of locomotion or movement in prokaryotic cells. Microbial motility […]

BACTERIAL CAPSULE
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism

BACTERIAL CAPSULE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Capsules are extracellular polysaccharide (ESP) molecules secreted by bacteria, and which are normally found outside […]

APPLICATIONS OF MUTAGENESIS
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

APPLICATIONS OF MUTAGENESIS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

  Recombinant DNA technology and the use of synthetic DNA molecules make it possible for […]

MUTAGENS
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

MUTAGENS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Mutagens are biological, physical or chemical agents that change the genetic materials (inclusive of DNA […]

MICROBIAL ENUMERATION OF FOOD PRODUCTS
  • Food Microbiology

MICROBIAL ENUMERATION OF FOOD PRODUCTS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Food meant for human or animal consumption should be certified safe and hygienically acceptable after […]

The Role and Potential of Microbes in Food Production
  • Food Microbiology
  • Industrial Microbiology

The Role and Potential of Microbes in Food Production

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Microorganisms, particularly bacteria and fungi, are fundamental to the sustainability and advancement of modern agriculture […]

Principles of Food Hygiene: Sources of Contamination in the Food Industry
  • Food Microbiology
  • Industrial Microbiology

Principles of Food Hygiene: Sources of Contamination in the Food Industry

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Introduction Food hygiene encompasses all conditions and measures necessary to ensure the safety and suitability […]

ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION
  • Microbe Lab
  • Immunology & Immune System
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Antigen-antibody reaction is an immunological reaction in which a particular antibody molecule reacts with a […]

ELISA
  • Immunology & Immune System
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

ELISA

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

ELISA is the acronym for “enzyme linked immunosorbent assay”. It is an immunoassay or serological […]

STREAKING TECHNIQUE
  • Bacteriology
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

STREAKING TECHNIQUE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Streaking is a microbiological technique that is used to obtain pure cultures of microorganisms (particularly […]

ISOLATION TECHNIQUE
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

ISOLATION TECHNIQUE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 25, 2023

Isolation technique is a microbiology procedure which is used to obtain pure cultures of microorganisms […]

MANTOUX (TUBERCULIN) TEST
  • Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab
  • Immunology & Immune System

MANTOUX (TUBERCULIN) TEST

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 17, 2023

Mantoux (Tuberculin) Test is used as a laboratory diagnostic aid to detect reactions of individuals […]

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
  • Bacteriology

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 17, 2023

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a slim, non-motile, non-spore forming, Gram-positive, obligate aerobe, and acid-fast bacillus (rod) […]

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
  • Bacteriology

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 17, 2023

Haemophilus influenza is a small, Gram-negative, non-sporulating, non-motile, urease positive, indole positive, pleomorphic, rod-like or […]

Fermentation Media: Composition, Function, and Industrial Applications
  • Industrial Microbiology

Fermentation Media: Composition, Function, and Industrial Applications

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 17, 2023

Fermentation media are the carefully designed nutrient preparations that support the growth, survival, and metabolic […]

The Microbiology of Beer Production
  • Industrial Microbiology

The Microbiology of Beer Production

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 17, 2023

Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic beverages globally. It is […]

CARE & MAINTENANCE OF THE MICROSCOPE
  • General Microbiology

CARE & MAINTENANCE OF THE MICROSCOPE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 9, 2023

Microscope is a piece of instrument or equipment used by microbiologists to examine microorganisms and […]

TEST STAGES OF MPN METHOD
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology

TEST STAGES OF MPN METHOD

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 9, 2023

PRESUMPTIVE TEST The presumptive test provides a preliminary estimate of bacterial density present in a […]

MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN) TECHNIQUE
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology

MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN) TECHNIQUE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 9, 2023

The estimation of the number of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi present in public health […]

GENOTYPIC DETECTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT MICROBES
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

GENOTYPIC DETECTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT MICROBES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 9, 2023

The genotypic detection and characterization of antibiotic resistant genes in pathogenic bacteria is more specific […]

FEATURES OF THE VITEK 2 AUTOMATED COMPACT SYSTEM FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST (AST)
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram
  • Microbe Lab
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

FEATURES OF THE VITEK 2 AUTOMATED COMPACT SYSTEM FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST (AST)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 9, 2023

Helping the physician select the best treatment at a much faster pace based on the […]

SULPHONAMIDES  
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

SULPHONAMIDES  

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 9, 2023

  Sulphonamides or sulpha drugs are generally known as folate synthesis inhibitors because they inhibit […]

TETRACYCLINES
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics

TETRACYCLINES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • April 9, 2023

Tetracyclines are general purpose antibiotics used for a variety of clinical applications, and they include […]

TYPES OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

TYPES OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • March 27, 2023

Bacteria have evolved to survive in diverse environments. They survive exposure to harsh chemicals including […]

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