Aside from penicillins and cephalosporins, several other β-lactam and non-β-lactam antibiotics have been developed and […]
Category: Pharmaceutical Microbiology
From Soil to Solution: How Streptomycin is Extracted and Evaluated
Antibiotics remain one of the most important discoveries in medical science, serving as a cornerstone […]
AmpC ENZYMES
AmpC β-lactamases are a class of enzymes produced by certain bacteria that confer resistance to […]
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A Global Health Threat
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a clinically significant bacterial pathogen that has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, […]
AUTOMATED SYSTEMS FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM: VITEK 2 AUTOMATED COMPACT SYSTEM & MALDI-TOF
AUTOMATED SYSTEMS FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM: VITEK 2 AUTOMATED COMPACT SYSTEM & MALDI-TOF There […]
Clinical and pharmacological significance of synergism, antagonism and additive effects of drugs or pharmacological compounds
The terms synergistic effect (synergism), antagonistic effect (antagonism) and additive effect are all clinical and […]
ISONIAZID – anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug
Isoniazid or isonicotinyl hydrazine (INH) is a first-line antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis […]
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Chloramphenicol is a protein synthesis inhibitor but the antibiotic unlike other drugs that interfere with […]
GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Genetic resistance of microbes to antibiotics is due to a chromosomal mutation in the bacterial […]
UNDERSTANDING MBL MICROBIOLOGY
Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are beta-lactamase enzymes produced by pathogenic bacteria, and which hydrolyzes the carbapenems (e.g. […]
ESBL Positive – Understanding Extended spectrum beta-lactamases tests
What does it mean to be ESBL positive? Learn how to detect these antibiotic-resistant bacteria […]
Antimicrobial Properties of Lichen Secondary Metabolites
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent need to identify biologically active […]
Sustainable Strategies for Preventing Antimicrobial Resistance in Agricultural and Livestock Systems
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major global health challenges of the twenty-first century, […]
Beta-Lactamases and their Role in Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance
Beta-lactamases are bacterial enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the β-lactam ring of β-lactam antibiotics, […]
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria (MDRB)
The discovery and clinical deployment of antibiotics transformed the management of bacterial infections and fundamentally […]
Gentamicin
Gentamicin is an important aminoglycoside antibiotic widely recognized for its potent activity against a range […]
Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent belonging to the fluoroquinolone class, a group of compounds […]
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is a quantitative microbiological parameter used to determine the lowest concentration of […]
Measurement of Antimicrobial Efficacy/Activity
The increasing prevalence of microbial infections and the continuous emergence of microorganisms with reduced susceptibility […]
Genotypic Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Genes
Antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance has emerged as one of the most consequential challenges confronting modern […]
VITEK 2 Automated Compact System for Bacterial Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)
The accurate identification of bacterial pathogens and the timely determination of their antimicrobial susceptibility are […]
Sulfonamides
Sulphonamides, also referred to as sulpha drugs, constitute an important group of antimicrobial agents whose […]
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines constitute an important class of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents with extensive applications in clinical medicine. […]
Brief History of Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic (antimicrobial) resistance is one of the most significant challenges confronting modern medicine. It occurs […]
Sterile and Non-Sterile Pharmaceutical Products
Pharmaceutical products are designed to prevent, diagnose, manage, or treat disease, and their quality depends […]
Control of Antibiotic (Antimicrobial) Resistance
Antibiotic resistance, more broadly referred to as antimicrobial resistance (AMR), has emerged as one of […]
Impact and Cost of Antimicrobial Resistance on Public Health and the Economy
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or antibiotic resistance occurs when microorganisms acquire the capacity to survive exposure […]
Factors that Contribute to Antibiotic (Antimicrobial) Resistance
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the most consequential challenges confronting modern medicine because […]
Mechanisms of Acquiring Resistance by Bacterial / Microbial Pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly recognized as a dynamic biological phenomenon in which bacterial and […]
Mechanisms (Modes) of Transfer of Resistance Genes
The emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represent a dynamic biological phenomenon in which […]
Antimicrobial (Antibiotic) Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly antibiotic resistance, has emerged as one of the most consequential challenges […]
Types of Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance is not a single phenomenon but a diverse biological process through which bacteria […]
Chromatic Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Agar
The increasing prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has created a persistent challenge for clinical microbiology, […]
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a preventive, science-based food safety management system designed […]
Indicator Organisms
Indicator organisms are microorganisms used as biological markers to assess the microbiological quality, hygienic status, […]
History of Antibiotics
The history of antibiotics is a remarkable chapter in modern medicine. It is marked by […]
Nitrocefin test for Beta-Lactamase Production in Bacteria
Antimicrobial resistance has become an important challenge in clinical microbiology. This is because bacteria can […]
Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococci
Enterococci are Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that constitute an important component of the gastrointestinal microbiota […]
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics, particularly […]
WHO Global Principles for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals Intended for Food
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a formidable challenge at the intersection of animal health, […]
Ceftazidime-Imipenem Antagonism Test (CIAT)
AmpC β-lactamases are bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze several β-lactam antibiotics, thereby reducing their effectiveness against […]
Fusidic Acid
Fusidic acid is a naturally occurring antimicrobial compound belonging to the fusidane class of antibiotics […]
Routes of Drug Administration
The therapeutic journey of a drug does not begin when it reaches its molecular target; […]
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement and transformation of a […]
Drug Interactions
Drug-drug interaction is a pharmacological phenomenon in which the presence of one drug alters the absorption, […]
Monitoring of Water Quality
Water quality monitoring is a scientific and management-based approach used to understand the condition, behavior, […]
Active Air Monitoring
Active air monitoring is a microbiological technique used to evaluate the quality of indoor air […]
Passive Air Monitoring
Passive air monitoring is a widely adopted environmental surveillance approach used to evaluate the microbiological […]
Monitoring of Air Quality
Air quality monitoring is a fundamental component of environmental management and public health protection. It […]
Quality Assurance: System Design and Implementation in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Laboratory Practice
Quality Assurance (QA) represents an integrated framework through which organizations establish, maintain, and improve the […]