Aside from penicillins and cephalosporins, several other β-lactam and non-β-lactam antibiotics have been developed and […]
Category: Pharmaceutical Microbiology
From Soil to Solution: How Streptomycin is Extracted and Evaluated
Antibiotics remain one of the most important discoveries in medical science, serving as a cornerstone […]
AmpC ENZYMES
AmpC β-lactamases are a class of enzymes produced by certain bacteria that confer resistance to […]
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A Global Health Threat
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a clinically significant bacterial pathogen that has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, […]
AUTOMATED SYSTEMS FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM: VITEK 2 AUTOMATED COMPACT SYSTEM & MALDI-TOF
AUTOMATED SYSTEMS FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM: VITEK 2 AUTOMATED COMPACT SYSTEM & MALDI-TOF There […]
Clinical and pharmacological significance of synergism, antagonism and additive effects of drugs or pharmacological compounds
The terms synergistic effect (synergism), antagonistic effect (antagonism) and additive effect are all clinical and […]
ISONIAZID – anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug
Isoniazid or isonicotinyl hydrazine (INH) is a first-line antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis […]
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Chloramphenicol is a protein synthesis inhibitor but the antibiotic unlike other drugs that interfere with […]
GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Genetic resistance of microbes to antibiotics is due to a chromosomal mutation in the bacterial […]
UNDERSTANDING MBL MICROBIOLOGY
Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are beta-lactamase enzymes produced by pathogenic bacteria, and which hydrolyzes the carbapenems (e.g. […]
ESBL Positive – Understanding Extended spectrum beta-lactamases tests
What does it mean to be ESBL positive? Learn how to detect these antibiotic-resistant bacteria […]
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF LICHEN SECONDARY METABOLITES
Lichens possess varying antimicrobial properties; and they have been shown to be active against a […]
Materials from the iAMR team for teaching & illustrating AMR
Are you looking for more information about Antibiotic Resistance or antimicrobial resistance (AMR)? Do you […]
BETA-LACTAMASE: an important resistance mechanism in bacteria
Beta-lactamases are enzymes secreted by both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and which have […]
MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA (MDRB)
The introduction of antibiotics into clinical medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases heralded an […]
GENTAMICIN
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Aminoglycosides are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis like the tetracyclines, […]
CIPROFLOXACIN
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is derived from the earlier quinolones. Nalidixic acid is […]
MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION INTERPRETATION: Guidelines for accurate testing
This definitive guide unlocks the secrets of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration interpretation with clear explanations of […]
MEASUREMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY/ACTIVITY
The determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of a given pathogen to a particular antimicrobial agent […]
GENOTYPIC DETECTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT MICROBES
The genotypic detection and characterization of antibiotic resistant genes in pathogenic bacteria is more specific […]
FEATURES OF THE VITEK 2 AUTOMATED COMPACT SYSTEM FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST (AST)
Helping the physician select the best treatment at a much faster pace based on the […]
SULPHONAMIDES
Sulphonamides or sulpha drugs are generally known as folate synthesis inhibitors because they inhibit […]
TETRACYCLINES
Tetracyclines are general purpose antibiotics used for a variety of clinical applications, and they include […]
Brief History of Antibiotic Resistance
Antimicrobial agents, particularly antibiotics are the most significant class of pharmaceuticals and are one of […]
Sterile and Non-Sterile Pharmaceutical Products
Pharmaceutical products are designed to prevent, diagnose, manage, or treat disease, and their quality depends […]
Control of Antibiotic (Antimicrobial) Resistance
Antibiotic resistance, more broadly referred to as antimicrobial resistance (AMR), has emerged as one of […]
Impact and Cost of Antimicrobial Resistance on Public Health and the Economy
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or antibiotic resistance occurs when microorganisms acquire the capacity to survive exposure […]
Factors that Contribute to Antibiotic (Antimicrobial) Resistance
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the most consequential challenges confronting modern medicine because […]
Mechanisms of Acquiring Resistance by Bacterial / Microbial Pathogens
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly recognized as a dynamic biological phenomenon in which bacterial and […]
Mechanisms (Modes) of Transfer of Resistance Genes
The emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represent a dynamic biological phenomenon in which […]
Antimicrobial (Antibiotic) Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly antibiotic resistance, has emerged as one of the most consequential challenges […]
Types of Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance is not a single phenomenon but a diverse biological process through which bacteria […]
Chromatic Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Agar
The increasing prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has created a persistent challenge for clinical microbiology, […]
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a preventive, science-based food safety management system designed […]
Indicator Organisms
Indicator organisms are microorganisms used as biological markers to assess the microbiological quality, hygienic status, […]
History of Antibiotics
The history of antibiotics is a remarkable chapter in modern medicine. It is marked by […]
Nitrocefin test for Beta-Lactamase Production in Bacteria
Antimicrobial resistance has become an important challenge in clinical microbiology. This is because bacteria can […]
Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococci
Enterococci are Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that constitute an important component of the gastrointestinal microbiota […]
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics, particularly […]
WHO Global Principles for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals Intended for Food
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a formidable challenge at the intersection of animal health, […]
Ceftazidime-Imipenem Antagonism Test (CIAT)
AmpC β-lactamases are bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze several β-lactam antibiotics, thereby reducing their effectiveness against […]
Fusidic Acid
Fusidic acid is a naturally occurring antimicrobial compound belonging to the fusidane class of antibiotics […]
Routes of Drug Administration
The therapeutic journey of a drug does not begin when it reaches its molecular target; […]
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement and transformation of a […]
Drug Interactions
Drug-drug interaction is a pharmacological phenomenon in which the presence of one drug alters the absorption, […]
Monitoring of Water Quality
Water quality monitoring is a scientific and management-based approach used to understand the condition, behavior, […]
Active Air Monitoring
Active air monitoring is a microbiological technique used to evaluate the quality of indoor air […]
Passive Air Monitoring
Passive air monitoring is a widely adopted environmental surveillance approach used to evaluate the microbiological […]
Monitoring of Air Quality
Air quality monitoring is a fundamental component of environmental management and public health protection. It […]
Quality Assurance: System Design and Implementation in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Laboratory Practice
Quality Assurance (QA) is a structured, systematic, and documented framework designed to ensure that products […]