Axenic animals, also known as gnotobiotic animals, are laboratory animals that are completely free from […]
Category: Immunology & Immune System
From Genes to Joints: Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis as an Autoimmune Disease
Autoimmune diseases occur when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells and tissues, […]
CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNITY: Activate Cells of Innate Immunity to Deliver Rapid, First-Line Host Defense
Innate immunity constitutes the evolutionarily conserved first line of host defense and is present across […]
INNATE IMMUNITY: Mechanisms of Early Host Defense Against Microbial Infection
Innate immunity constitutes the host’s intrinsic, evolutionarily conserved defense system and represents the first immunological […]
SIGNIFICANCE OF MONOCLONAL AND POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES
The two basic forms in which antibodies can be produced in purified forms in the […]
ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTION
The organs of the immune system are classically categorized into two principal groups: primary (central) […]
B CELL PRODUCTION
B cells are specialized type of lymphocytes that are responsible for the production of antibodies […]
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) MOLECULES
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) moleculesalso known as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) complex are a large […]
IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
All blood and immune cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow through […]
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION
Antigen-antibody reaction is an immunological reaction in which a particular antibody molecule reacts with a […]
ELISA
ELISA is the acronym for “enzyme linked immunosorbent assay”. It is an immunoassay or serological […]
MANTOUX (TUBERCULIN) TEST
Mantoux (Tuberculin) Test is used as a laboratory diagnostic aid to detect reactions of individuals […]
HERD IMMUNITY
Herd immunity is a group resistance of a population against a particular disease and the […]
IMMUNOGLOBULIN D (IgD)
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an antibody with the basic four polypeptide structure of an immunoglobulin […]
IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG): Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance
Structural Characteristics and Molecular Properties Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a monomeric antibody that represents the […]
IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody that is known to bind to host tissue cells […]
IMMUNOGLOBULIN M (IgM)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an antibody that mainly exist as a pentamer i.e. it consists […]
COLOSTRUM
Colostrum is the first secretion of the mammary gland (breast) produced before proper lactation commences […]
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a specialized glycoprotein antibody that plays a fundamental role in the […]
Classes or Types of Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are specialized glycoproteins produced by plasma cells following the activation and differentiation of […]
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) and Mechanism of Production
Antibodies, scientifically known as immunoglobulins (Igs), are specialised glycoproteins that constitute a fundamental component of […]
Characteristics of Antigens
The human body is constantly exposed to a wide range of biological and environmental substances […]
Immunization: Importance in Disease Prevention and Public Health
Immunization is the process through which an individual is made immune or resistant to an […]
Antigen Retrieval Protocol for Paraffin-Embedded Tissue
Antigen retrieval is an essential preparatory procedure in immunohistochemistry (IHC) that involves restoring the accessibility […]
Antibody Selection and Staining Technique for Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a specialized laboratory technique that combines immunological recognition with histological examination to […]
What is a stem cell?
A stem cell is a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialised cell types […]
Antigen
An antigen is any substance or molecule that can trigger an immune response in an […]
Introduction to Immunology and Responses of the Immune System
Immunology is defined as the branch of biomedical science that is concerned with the study of […]
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Exploring Careers in Microbiology: What Microbiologists Do and Where They Work!
As microbiologists, we have the opportunity to shape the world through the thoughtful and innovative […]