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Microbiology Class

Microbiology Class

Best Microbiology Resource Hub for Notes, Seminars, Courses

  • Welcome to MicrobiologyClass | Africa’s Leading Microbiology Platform
  • About Us
    • Autobiography of the Founder of MicrobiologyClass.net
    • About MicrobiologyClass.net
    • Advertise with us
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  • Bacteriology
  • Biotechnology
  • Careers in Microbiology
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Food Microbiology
  • General Microbiology
  • Immunology & Immune System
  • Industrial Microbiology
  • Medical Microbiology
  • Microscopy & Microscope
  • Molecular Microbiology
  • Mycology
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
  • Project & Seminar Topics
  • Public Health & Parasitology
  • Research, Proposal & Scholarships
    • How to create your EUROPASS CV and cover letter for EU applications (jobs, research positions, education)
    • How to write a Cover Letter – Faculty, Postgraduate, Postdoc – sample attached
    • Research proposal tips for grants & projects
    • Sample template on how to write your research achievements and results when applying for a fellowship or grant
    • Access to scholarship and funding opportunities for conferences, study (B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.), postdoctoral fellowships and research grants
    • Steps for a Successful Post-Doctoral Fellowship Application, Grant Call or Scholarships for Postgraduate Studies Abroad – A Personal Memoir 
    • Current Calls & Scholarship Opportunities for Training, Postdoc, Higher Education, Postgraduate Studies & Jobs
    • The Proposal Writer’s Guide
    • Common mistakes international students make in scholarship applications
    • Important Microbiology Websites for Study & Opportunities
  • Virology

Author: Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu

Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu is a distinguished Microbiologist, Researcher, and Educator with an extensive international profile. He is a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Foundation, Germany, and currently serves as a Research Fellow at the Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany. His research focuses on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the ecological impacts of antibiotics, with particular emphasis on soil ecosystems. He is the founder and developer of Africa’s leading microbiology platform, www.MicrobiologyClass.net, a widely recognized knowledge hub that supports students, professionals, and researchers across Africa and beyond. The platform is a key resource for advancing microbiology education and research with global reach and relevance. Throughout his career, Dr. Ejikeugwu has held several prestigious international research appointments and fellowships, including a Research Fellowship at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany, within the soilRESIST project, where he investigated the effects of antibiotic mixtures on soil microbiomes. He has also completed postdoctoral fellowships at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany, under the DAAD program, and at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, under the MIF fellowship scheme. In recognition of his contributions to AMR research, he received the Young Investigator Award on AMR from Institut Mérieux, France, in 2021. He is also a recipient of the NIH CAMRA grant supporting research on AMR in poultry environments. Dr. Ejikeugwu was a member of the Global Young Academy (GYA), Germany, and holds memberships in several professional organizations, including Applied Microbiology International (AMI), the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), and the Nigerian Society for Microbiology (NSM). He earned his PhD. in Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology in 2017 from Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. In his current role as Reader at ESUT, Nigeria, he is deeply engaged in teaching, mentorship, and research leadership. He supervises undergraduate and postgraduate students, fostering academic development and strengthening capacity in microbiology and AMR research. Driven by a sustained commitment to scientific excellence, education, and international collaboration, Dr. Ejikeugwu continues to contribute significantly to the advancement of microbiology and AMR research worldwide.
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  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
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Access to scholarship and funding opportunities for conferences, study (B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.), postdoctoral fellowships and research grants
  • Careers in Microbiology
  • Research, Proposal & Scholarships

Access to scholarship and funding opportunities for conferences, study (B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.), postdoctoral fellowships and research grants

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2024

As an academic, researcher or student, attending conferences or doing research can be a herculean […]

Zoonotic Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Zoonotic Diseases

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 12, 2023

Zoonotic diseases lie at the interface of human activity, animal ecology, and environmental change. Their persistence and increasing […]

FDA Approves First Gene Therapies to Treat Patients with Sickle Cell Disease
  • Gene Therapy Notes

FDA Approves First Gene Therapies to Treat Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 11, 2023

Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved two milestone treatments, Casgevy and Lyfgenia, representing […]

Measurement of Disease Occurrence in a Population
  • Epidemiology

Measurement of Disease Occurrence in a Population

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 6, 2023

The measurement of disease occurrence is one of the fundamental principles of epidemiology. It provides […]

Sources of Information for Epidemiological Data
  • Epidemiology

Sources of Information for Epidemiological Data

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • November 30, 2023

Epidemiological data form the foundation of disease surveillance, prevention, and control. It provides essential information […]

How to create your EUROPASS CV and cover letter for EU applications (jobs, research positions, education)
  • Careers in Microbiology
  • Research, Proposal & Scholarships

How to create your EUROPASS CV and cover letter for EU applications (jobs, research positions, education)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • November 28, 2023

When applying for a scholarship for further studies abroad (in this case the European Union […]

Uses of Epidemiological Data
  • Epidemiology

Uses of Epidemiological Data

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • November 24, 2023

Epidemiological data form the empirical backbone of public health science. They provide systematically collected information […]

DIFFERENTIAL COUNT FOR CSF
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

DIFFERENTIAL COUNT FOR CSF

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • November 18, 2023

AIM: To provide information on the different white blood cells (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) […]

HAEMOCYTOMETER CELL COUNT FOR CSF SAMPLE
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

HAEMOCYTOMETER CELL COUNT FOR CSF SAMPLE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • November 12, 2023

Cells of mammalian or prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells can be counted in the lab from […]

TYPES OF METABOLISM
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism

TYPES OF METABOLISM

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • November 6, 2023

Metabolic reactions help to maintain a state of balance or equilibrium in the cell. And […]

METABOLISM
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism

METABOLISM

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • October 31, 2023

Metabolism is simply defined as the summation of the chemical reactions that occurs in the […]

PROBIOTICS
  • Biotechnology

PROBIOTICS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • October 26, 2023

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the […]

CELL IMMOBILIZATION
  • Biotechnology

CELL IMMOBILIZATION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • October 18, 2023

  Cell immobilizationis the process of fixing the cells of living organisms including plants, animals, […]

INNATE IMMUNITY: Mechanisms of Early Host Defense Against Microbial Infection
  • Immunology & Immune System

INNATE IMMUNITY: Mechanisms of Early Host Defense Against Microbial Infection

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • October 12, 2023

Innate immunity constitutes the host’s intrinsic, evolutionarily conserved defense system and represents the first immunological […]

SIGNIFICANCE OF MONOCLONAL AND POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES
  • Immunology & Immune System

SIGNIFICANCE OF MONOCLONAL AND POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • October 6, 2023

The two basic forms in which antibodies can be produced in purified forms in the […]

How to write a Cover Letter – Faculty, Postgraduate, Postdoc – sample attached
  • Careers in Microbiology
  • Research, Proposal & Scholarships

How to write a Cover Letter – Faculty, Postgraduate, Postdoc – sample attached

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • October 1, 2023

How to write a COVER LETTER – Faculty, Postgraduate, Postdoc – sample attached A cover […]

ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTION
  • Immunology & Immune System

ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • September 13, 2023

The organs of the immune system are classically categorized into two principal groups: primary (central) […]

B CELL PRODUCTION
  • Immunology & Immune System

B CELL PRODUCTION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • September 13, 2023

B cells are specialized type of lymphocytes that are responsible for the production of antibodies […]

CULTURE (GROWTH) MEDIA
  • Culture media

CULTURE (GROWTH) MEDIA

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • September 6, 2023

The clinical diagnosis of some infectious diseases (including those caused by bacteria and fungi) in […]

Important techniques in microbiology laboratory
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

Important techniques in microbiology laboratory

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • September 6, 2023

DIRECT PLATE COUNTING Direct plate counting is a microbiological technique used to evaluate the actual […]

KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE
  • Bacteriology

KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 31, 2023

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, non-motile, facultative rod in the genus Klebsiella and […]

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
  • Bacteriology

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 31, 2023

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-enteric, oxidase positive, Gram-negative, motile; obligate aerobic straight or curved rod […]

Sterilization Techniques in Industrial Microbiology: Safeguarding Fermentation Integrity
  • Industrial Microbiology

Sterilization Techniques in Industrial Microbiology: Safeguarding Fermentation Integrity

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 30, 2023

Sterility is central and important for the success of any industrial fermentation process. Industrial microbiology […]

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB): Key Microorganisms in Fermentation and Food Biotechnology
  • Industrial Microbiology

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB): Key Microorganisms in Fermentation and Food Biotechnology

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 30, 2023

Introduction Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) constitute a diverse and functionally significant group of Gram-positive, non-sporulating, […]

Factors that affect microbial population in the soil   
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology

Factors that affect microbial population in the soil   

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 29, 2023

      The population of microorganisms in the soil are affected or influenced by many factors […]

Importance of microbial population in the soil
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology

Importance of microbial population in the soil

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 29, 2023

The soil is that part of the earth crust or earth that supports plant life. […]

STANDARD QUALITY CONTROL STRAINS FOR ANTIBIOGRAM
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram

STANDARD QUALITY CONTROL STRAINS FOR ANTIBIOGRAM

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 28, 2023

Quality control strains (or reference strains)are typed cultures of microorganisms with known antimicrobial susceptibility patterns […]

PREPARATION OF 0.5 McFARLAND TURBIDITY STANDARDS
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram

PREPARATION OF 0.5 McFARLAND TURBIDITY STANDARDS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 28, 2023

McFarland Turbidity Standard is an important technique performed in the microbiology laboratory especially when carrying […]

ISONIAZID – anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

ISONIAZID – anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 27, 2023

Isoniazid or isonicotinyl hydrazine (INH) is a first-line antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis […]

CHLORAMPHENICOL
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

CHLORAMPHENICOL

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 27, 2023

Chloramphenicol is a protein synthesis inhibitor but the antibiotic unlike other drugs that interfere with […]

MECHANISMS OF TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE GENES IN BACTERIA
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

MECHANISMS OF TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE GENES IN BACTERIA

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 15, 2023

  Below are some of the major ways through which bacteria pass on their antibiotic […]

GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 15, 2023

Genetic resistance of microbes to antibiotics is due to a chromosomal mutation in the bacterial […]

STEPS INVOLVED IN TRANSFORMING BACTERIAL CELLS
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

STEPS INVOLVED IN TRANSFORMING BACTERIAL CELLS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 14, 2023

There are different types of steps involved in the transformation of a bacterial cell in […]

GENE CLONING
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

GENE CLONING

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 14, 2023

Cloning is a molecular biology technique which is used to make millions of copies of […]

GIARDIASIS
  • Public Health & Parasitology

GIARDIASIS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 13, 2023

Giardiasis is a water-borne protozoal diarrheal-disease that is cause by parasites in the genus Giardia. […]

LEISHMANIASIS
  • Public Health & Parasitology

LEISHMANIASIS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 13, 2023

Leishmaniasis is the parasitic disease caused by the protozoal organism, Leishmania. The disease affects the […]

UNDERSTANDING MBL MICROBIOLOGY
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram
  • Microbe Lab
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

UNDERSTANDING MBL MICROBIOLOGY

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 10, 2023

Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are beta-lactamase enzymes produced by pathogenic bacteria, and which hydrolyzes the carbapenems (e.g. […]

ESBL Positive – Understanding Extended spectrum beta-lactamases tests
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram
  • Microbe Lab
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

ESBL Positive – Understanding Extended spectrum beta-lactamases tests

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 10, 2023

What does it mean to be ESBL positive? Learn how to detect these antibiotic-resistant bacteria […]

The 3 Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement): Guiding Principles in the Use of Animals For Biomedical/Scientific Research
  • Cell Culture Notes
  • Laboratory Biosafety
  • Microbe Lab
  • Safety tips in Microbiology Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

The 3 Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement): Guiding Principles in the Use of Animals For Biomedical/Scientific Research

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 8, 2023

The use of laboratory animals including mice, rats, rabbits and primates for scientific/biomedical research is […]

RATIONALE FOR THE CONTINUED USE OF ANIMALS FOR RESEARCH
  • Cell Culture Notes
  • Laboratory Biosafety
  • Microbe Lab
  • Safety tips in Microbiology Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

RATIONALE FOR THE CONTINUED USE OF ANIMALS FOR RESEARCH

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 8, 2023

Animals including (primates, dogs, cats, rabbits, mice) are still being used to conduct scientific/biomedical research […]

Issues Surrounding the Use of Animals in Scientific Research
  • Cell Culture Notes
  • Laboratory Biosafety
  • Microbe Lab
  • Safety tips in Microbiology Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

Issues Surrounding the Use of Animals in Scientific Research

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 8, 2023

Animals such as mice, rats, rabbits, monkeys and primates are used in biomedical research to […]

Advantages & disadvantages of cell culture techniques
  • Cell Culture Notes

Advantages & disadvantages of cell culture techniques

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 8, 2023

ADVANTAGES OF CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES DISADVANTAGES OF CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES References Alberts B, Bray D, […]

SAFETY IN THE CELL CULTURE LABORATORY
  • Cell Culture Notes

SAFETY IN THE CELL CULTURE LABORATORY

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 8, 2023

Safety is paramount in any cell culture laboratory. It protects the researcher from possible contamination […]

APPLICATIONS OF CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUE
  • Cell Culture Notes

APPLICATIONS OF CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 8, 2023

Cell culture technique is defined as the process by which prokaryotic, eukaryotic or plant cells […]

Terminologies used in Epidemiological Studies
  • Epidemiology

Terminologies used in Epidemiological Studies

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 7, 2023

Normally, each state, local or federal government of a nation establishes by law those infections/diseases […]

ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF LICHEN SECONDARY METABOLITES
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF LICHEN SECONDARY METABOLITES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 7, 2023

Lichens possess varying antimicrobial properties; and they have been shown to be active against a […]

MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism

MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 2, 2023

Macromolecules are large biological molecules that are made up of repeating smaller biological units generally […]

MEIOSIS
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism

MEIOSIS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 2, 2023

Meiosis unlike mitosis is the type of cell division that occurs during the formation of […]

Application of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
  • Biotechnology

Application of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 1, 2023

The field of medicine has in the past decades seen the production of many biotherapeutics […]

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs)
  • Biotechnology

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • August 1, 2023

Genetically modified organisms(GMOs) are living organisms including plants and microorganisms whose genetic material has been […]

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