AUTOMATED SYSTEMS FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM: VITEK 2 AUTOMATED COMPACT SYSTEM & MALDI-TOF There […]
Category: Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Clinical and pharmacological significance of synergism, antagonism and additive effects of drugs or pharmacological compounds
The terms synergistic effect (synergism), antagonistic effect (antagonism) and additive effect are all clinical and […]
ISONIAZID – anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug
Isoniazid or isonicotinyl hydrazine (INH) is a first-line antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis […]
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Chloramphenicol is a protein synthesis inhibitor but the antibiotic unlike other drugs that interfere with […]
MECHANISMS OF TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE GENES IN BACTERIA
Below are some of the major ways through which bacteria pass on their antibiotic […]
GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Genetic resistance of microbes to antibiotics is due to a chromosomal mutation in the bacterial […]
METALLO-β-LACTAMASE (MBL) – detection methods
Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are beta-lactamase enzymes produced by pathogenic bacteria, and which hydrolyzes the carbapenems (e.g. […]
EXTENDED SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASE (ESBL) – detection methods
Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are beta-lactamase enzymes that breakdown or hydrolyze broad-spectrum beta-lactam drugs especially […]
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF LICHEN SECONDARY METABOLITES
Lichens possess varying antimicrobial properties; and they have been shown to be active against a […]
Materials from the iAMR team for teaching & illustrating AMR
Are you looking for more information about Antibiotic Resistance or antimicrobial resistance (AMR)? Do you […]
BETA-LACTAMASE: an important resistance mechanism in bacteria
Beta-lactamases are enzymes secreted by both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and which have […]
MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA (MDRB)
The introduction of antibiotics into clinical medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases heralded an […]
GENTAMICIN
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Aminoglycosides are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis like the tetracyclines, […]
CIPROFLOXACIN
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is derived from the earlier quinolones. Nalidixic acid is […]
MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC)
Antimicrobial susceptibility tests are used to determine which specific antibiotics or antimicrobial agents a particular […]
MEASUREMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY/ACTIVITY
The determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of a given pathogen to a particular antimicrobial agent […]
GENOTYPIC DETECTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT MICROBES
The genotypic detection and characterization of antibiotic resistant genes in pathogenic bacteria is more specific […]
FEATURES OF THE VITEK 2 AUTOMATED COMPACT SYSTEM FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST (AST)
Helping the physician select the best treatment at a much faster pace based on the […]
SULPHONAMIDES
Sulphonamides or sulpha drugs are generally known as folate synthesis inhibitors because they inhibit […]
TETRACYCLINES
Tetracyclines are general purpose antibiotics used for a variety of clinical applications, and they include […]
TYPES OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Bacteria have evolved to survive in diverse environments. They survive exposure to harsh chemicals including […]
BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Antimicrobial agents, particularly antibiotics are the most significant class of pharmaceuticals and are one of […]
Sterile & Non-Sterile Pharmaceutical Products
Sterile pharmaceutical products are defined as sensitive pharmaceutical products that should be free from living micro-organisms, […]
CONTROL OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Antibiotic resistance knows no border of any country since there is free movement of both […]
IMPACT AND COST OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ECONOMY OF A NATION
Antimicrobial agents (antibiotics in particular) have helped countless numbers of people worldwide owing to their […]
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ANTIBIOTIC (ANTIMICROBIAL) RESISTANCE
Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem that bedevils our health sector and threatens our […]
SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF ACQUIRING RESISTANCE BY BACTERIA/MICROBIAL PATHOGENS
An antibiotic has to go through a number of steps in order to exert its […]
MODE (MECHANISMS) OF TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE GENES
Antibiotic resistant bacteria owe their drug insensitivity and ingenuity in developing resistance against our therapeutic […]
ANTIMICROBIAL (ANTIBIOTIC) RESISTANCE: definition, selective pressure and clonal selection
Antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a phenomenon that occurs when bacteria are not killed […]
TYPES OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
The resistance of a microbial cell to the potent action of antimicrobial agents or antibiotics […]
Chromatic Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) agar
Chromatic VRE is a selective and differential chromogenic medium used for the qualitative and presumptive detection […]
HAZARD ANALYSIS CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP)
Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) is an internationally recognized food safety system that is […]
INDICATOR ORGANISMS
Indicator organisms are microorganisms that signify the possible contamination of food or food products as […]
HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS – a synopsis on how it all started
Over the past 70 years, antibiotics have saved countless number of lives across the globe […]
NITROCEFIN TEST FOR BETA-LACTAMASE PRODUCTION
The production of beta-lactamase enzymes by Gram negative bacteria including E. coli, P. aeruginosa and […]
Vancomycin resistance in Enterococci
Enterococcus (plural: Enterococci) is a group of bacteria that is normally found in the intestines […]
What are ESBLs?
ESBLs (extended spectrum beta-lactamases) are enzymes that mediate resistance to extended-spectrum (third generation) cephalosporins (e.g., […]
WHO Global Principles for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals Intended for Food
Purpose: To minimize the negative public health impact of the use of antimicrobial agents in […]
Differences between Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) & Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Laboratory Testing Regulations
People are often confused by differences between Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) […]
CEFTAZIDIME-IMIPENEM ANTAGONISM TEST (CIAT)
Ceftazidime-imipenem antagonism test (CIAT) is one of the phenotypic confirmation tests that can be used […]
Fusidic acid
Fusidic acid is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial agent and/or antibiotic that is derived from the fungus, […]
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Therapeutic drugs are administered in various ways, and these include parenteral and oral administration. Other […]
PHARMACOKINETICS & PHARMACODYNAMICS
Pharmacokinetics is simply the study of how the body reacts to therapeutic agents or drugs […]
DRUG INTERACTION
To be clinically effective for the treatment of infectious diseases, every drug must reach a […]
MONITORING OF WATER QUALITY
Water quality is defined as the suitability of water to sustain various uses or processes […]
ACTIVE AIR MONITORING
Active air monitoring also involve the use of settle plates or sedimentation culture plates (as […]
PASSIVE AIR MONITORING
Passive air monitoring is usually done using special type of Petri dish plates known as […]
MONITORING OF AIR QUALITY
Air quality is defined as the degree to which the ambient air in a particular […]
RULES OF GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP)
GMP encompasses the rules governing the manufacture of a safe and efficacious pharmaceutical product, drug […]
CRITICAL ASPECTS OF GMP (sources of microbial contamination)
Some of the main sources of contamination in the course of production in a food […]