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Microbiology Class

Microbiology Class

Best Microbiology Resource Hub for Notes, Seminars, Courses

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  • Bacteriology
  • Biotechnology
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    • HOW TO CREATE YOUR EUROPASS CV AND EUROPASS COVER LETTER FOR EU APPLICATIONS (JOBS, RESEARCH, EDUCATION)
    • How to write a COVER LETTER – Faculty, Postgraduate, Postdoc – sample attached
    • RESEARCH PROPOSAL TIPS FOR GRANTS & PROJECTS
    • Sample template on how to write your research achievements and results when applying for a fellowship or grant
    • Access to scholarship and funding opportunities for conferences, study (B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.), postdoctoral fellowships and research grants
    • Steps for a Successful Post-Doctoral Fellowship Application, Grant Call or Scholarships for Postgraduate Studies Abroad – A Personal Memoir 
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    • The Proposal Writer’s Guide
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  • Virology

Author: Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu

Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu is a distinguished Microbiologist, Researcher, and Educator with an extensive international profile. He is a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Foundation, Germany, and currently serves as a Research Fellow at the Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany. His research focuses on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the ecological impacts of antibiotics, with particular emphasis on soil ecosystems. He is the founder and developer of Africa’s leading microbiology platform, www.MicrobiologyClass.net, a widely recognized knowledge hub that supports students, professionals, and researchers across Africa and beyond. The platform is a key resource for advancing microbiology education and research with global reach and relevance. Throughout his career, Dr. Ejikeugwu has held several prestigious international research appointments and fellowships, including a Research Fellowship at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany, within the soilRESIST project, where he investigated the effects of antibiotic mixtures on soil microbiomes. He has also completed postdoctoral fellowships at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany, under the DAAD program, and at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, under the MIF fellowship scheme. In recognition of his contributions to AMR research, he received the Young Investigator Award on AMR from Institut Mérieux, France, in 2021. He is also a recipient of the NIH CAMRA grant supporting research on AMR in poultry environments. Dr. Ejikeugwu was a member of the Global Young Academy (GYA), Germany, and holds memberships in several professional organizations, including Applied Microbiology International (AMI), the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), and the Nigerian Society for Microbiology (NSM). He earned his PhD. in Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology in 2017 from Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. In his current role as Reader at ESUT, Nigeria, he is deeply engaged in teaching, mentorship, and research leadership. He supervises undergraduate and postgraduate students, fostering academic development and strengthening capacity in microbiology and AMR research. Driven by a sustained commitment to scientific excellence, education, and international collaboration, Dr. Ejikeugwu continues to contribute significantly to the advancement of microbiology and AMR research worldwide.
  • Home
  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
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INDICATOR ORGANISMS
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology
  • Food Microbiology

INDICATOR ORGANISMS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 18, 2023

Indicator organisms are microorganisms that signify the possible contamination of food or food products as […]

Feeding the Future: How Single Cell Proteins Can Help Solve Global Malnutrition
  • Biotechnology
  • Food Microbiology
  • Industrial Microbiology

Feeding the Future: How Single Cell Proteins Can Help Solve Global Malnutrition

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 18, 2023

As the global population races past 8 billion and continues to rise, the urgency to […]

FOOD POISONING
  • Food Microbiology

FOOD POISONING

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 18, 2023

Food poisoning/food infection is defined as the microbial infection or disease that is caused by […]

FOOD BORNE DISEASES
  • Food Microbiology

FOOD BORNE DISEASES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 18, 2023

Food borne diseases are diseases caused by the ingestion of food borne pathogens. They are […]

SOURCES OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF FOOD
  • Food Microbiology

SOURCES OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF FOOD

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 18, 2023

Microbial contamination of food is almost inevitable owing to the ubiquity of microorganisms – which […]

EXTRINSIC FACTORS OF FOOD SPOILAGE
  • Food Microbiology

EXTRINSIC FACTORS OF FOOD SPOILAGE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 18, 2023

Extrinsic factors of food spoilage are the non-substrate factors that affect the spoilage of foods […]

INTRINSIC FACTORS OF FOOD SPOILAGE
  • Food Microbiology

INTRINSIC FACTORS OF FOOD SPOILAGE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 18, 2023

Intrinsic factors of food spoilage are those inherent factors that are associated with the food […]

FOOD SPOILAGE
  • Food Microbiology

FOOD SPOILAGE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 18, 2023

What is food spoilage? Food spoilage is simply defined as the change in the overall […]

Collection and processing of various clinical samples in the microbiology lab
  • Laboratory Biosafety
  • Microbe Lab
  • Safety tips in Microbiology Lab

Collection and processing of various clinical samples in the microbiology lab

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 17, 2023

COLLECTION OF SPUTUM Sputum specimens are collected from patient’s suspected to have respiratory disorders example […]

Specimen Collection in Microbiology Lab
  • Microbe Lab
  • Laboratory Biosafety
  • Safety tips in Microbiology Lab

Specimen Collection in Microbiology Lab

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 14, 2023

The sample collection unit is one of the most important units in the clinical microbiology […]

IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS
  • General Microbiology

IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 11, 2023

Microorganisms are studied for diverse reasons. These microscopic forms of life play tremendous significant roles […]

IMMUNOGLOBULIN D (IgD)
  • Immunology & Immune System

IMMUNOGLOBULIN D (IgD)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 10, 2023

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an antibody with the basic four polypeptide structure of an immunoglobulin […]

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG): Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance 
  • Immunology & Immune System

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG): Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance 

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 10, 2023

Structural Characteristics and Molecular Properties Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a monomeric antibody that represents the […]

IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE)
  • Immunology & Immune System

IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 10, 2023

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody that is known to bind to host tissue cells […]

IMMUNOGLOBULIN M (IgM)
  • Immunology & Immune System

IMMUNOGLOBULIN M (IgM)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 10, 2023

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an antibody that mainly exist as a pentamer i.e. it consists […]

COLOSTRUM
  • Immunology & Immune System

COLOSTRUM

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 10, 2023

Colostrum is the first secretion of the mammary gland (breast) produced before proper lactation commences […]

IMMUNOGLOBULIN A (IgA)
  • Immunology & Immune System

IMMUNOGLOBULIN A (IgA)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 10, 2023

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody found in serum (as a monomer of about 150,000 […]

TYPES OF ANTIBODIES
  • Immunology & Immune System

TYPES OF ANTIBODIES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 10, 2023

Immunoglobulins do not actually kill or eliminate pathogenic microorganisms or antigens from the body. The […]

ANTIBODIES (Immunoglobulins)
  • Immunology & Immune System

ANTIBODIES (Immunoglobulins)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 10, 2023

Antibodies are soluble protein molecules produced by the B cells of the immune system in […]

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIGENS
  • Immunology & Immune System

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIGENS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 10, 2023

However antigenic a foreign molecule/substance may be, to be immunogenic and qualify to be called […]

Care of the Microscope: How to Properly Care for and Maintain a Microscope
  • Microscopy & Microscope

Care of the Microscope: How to Properly Care for and Maintain a Microscope

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 6, 2023

The microscope is one of the most indispensable instruments in microbiology and biomedical science. Its […]

TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
  • Microbe Lab
  • Microscopy & Microscope
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

TYPES OF MICROSCOPES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 6, 2023

There abound several numbers of microscopes that can be used by a microscopist to view specimens, samples, […]

Understanding Microscope Parts: What They Do and How to Use Them
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab
  • Microbe Lab
  • Microscopy & Microscope

Understanding Microscope Parts: What They Do and How to Use Them

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 6, 2023

The microscope remains one of the most fundamental instruments in biological and material sciences, enabling […]

DNA Viruses: Structure, Genome Characteristics, and Intracellular Replication
  • Virology

DNA Viruses: Structure, Genome Characteristics, and Intracellular Replication

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 4, 2023

DNA viruses are a major group of viruses distinguished by the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid […]

Viral Replication: Intracellular Multiplication and Production of New Virions
  • Virology

Viral Replication: Intracellular Multiplication and Production of New Virions

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 4, 2023

Viral replication refers to the biological process through which viruses generate new copies of themselves […]

Morphology of viruses: structural diversity and functional organization
  • Virology

Morphology of viruses: structural diversity and functional organization

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 4, 2023

Virus morphology refers to the size, shape, and structural organization of viruses. Although viruses are […]

Viral Compositions: Structural and Functional Diversity of Viral Communities across Environmental and Host-Associated Systems
  • Virology

Viral Compositions: Structural and Functional Diversity of Viral Communities across Environmental and Host-Associated Systems

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 4, 2023

Viral composition refers to the collective assemblage of viral entities present within a defined environment, […]

Methods used for the Inactivation of Viruses
  • Virology

Methods used for the Inactivation of Viruses

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 4, 2023

Viruses can remain infectious in air, water, on surfaces, in biological materials, and within industrial […]

Chemical and Physical Properties of Viruses
  • Virology

Chemical and Physical Properties of Viruses

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 4, 2023

Viruses possess a highly organized structure composed primarily of nucleic acid and protein, with some […]

Viroids: Minimal Infectious Agents Composed of Naked Single-Stranded Circular RNA (ssRNA)
  • Virology

Viroids: Minimal Infectious Agents Composed of Naked Single-Stranded Circular RNA (ssRNA)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 4, 2023

Viroids are the smallest known infectious agents. They represent a unique class of sub-viral pathogens that […]

Prions: Unique Proteinaceous Infectious Agents and their Distinction from Viruses
  • Virology

Prions: Unique Proteinaceous Infectious Agents and their Distinction from Viruses

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • February 4, 2023

Prions are unique sub-viral infectious agents composed primarily of proteins. Unlike conventional infectious organisms such […]

Bacterial Transformation (The Transforming Principle)
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

Bacterial Transformation (The Transforming Principle)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 31, 2023

Fredrick Griffith showed in 1928 that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material of the […]

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 31, 2023

An understanding of the nucleic acid molecules which include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid […]

PROTEIN STRUCTURE – types and function
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

PROTEIN STRUCTURE – types and function

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 31, 2023

Proteins are a group of polypeptides that form a molecule of specific biological function; and […]

PURINES & PYRIMIDINES
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

PURINES & PYRIMIDINES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 31, 2023

Purines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consist of a pyrimidine ring fused to an […]

NUCLEOTIDES
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

NUCLEOTIDES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 31, 2023

Nucleotides are nucleosides with one or more phosphate groups covalently attached to the 3′ or […]

Mechanisms for uptake of nutrients by microorganisms – diffusion & active transport
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism
  • General Microbiology

Mechanisms for uptake of nutrients by microorganisms – diffusion & active transport

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 30, 2023

Microbial cells employ a variety of mechanisms to uptake nutrients (including macromolecules, inorganic ions, water […]

NUTRITIONAL GROUPS OF MICROORGANISMS
  • General Microbiology
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism

NUTRITIONAL GROUPS OF MICROORGANISMS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 30, 2023

Living organisms vary in terms of their mode of nutrition i.e. how they feed or […]

Microbial (Bacterial) Nutrition
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism
  • General Microbiology

Microbial (Bacterial) Nutrition

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 30, 2023

Bacterial Nutritionis importantfor the optimum growth of the organism because it is the only means […]

CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE
  • Bacteriology

CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 29, 2023

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-positive, non-spore forming, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile bacterium that causes diphtheria, […]

VIBRIO CHOLERAE
  • Bacteriology

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 29, 2023

Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, oxidase positive, spiral, non-spore forming, facultative, motile, curved or straight […]

NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
  • Bacteriology

NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 29, 2023

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, non-motile, non-sporulating, non-capsulate, diplococcus found asymptomatically in humans. N. […]

Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacteriology

Bacillus anthracis

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 29, 2023

Bacillus anthracis is a mesophilic, Gram-positive, aerobic, catalase-positive, rod-like and spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax […]

MICROBIAL HAEMOLYSIS IN BLOOD AGAR
  • Bacteriology
  • Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab

MICROBIAL HAEMOLYSIS IN BLOOD AGAR

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 29, 2023

Haemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs). Certain bacterial species including Streptococcus and […]

HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS – a synopsis on how it all started
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS – a synopsis on how it all started

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 26, 2023

Over the past 70 years, antibiotics have saved countless number of lives across the globe […]

PATHOGENICITY ISLANDS
  • Bacteriology

PATHOGENICITY ISLANDS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 24, 2023

Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are the regions of bacterial chromosome (usually of foreign origin) that contain […]

BACTERIAL ENZYMES THAT EXCITE PATHOGENICITY
  • Bacteriology

BACTERIAL ENZYMES THAT EXCITE PATHOGENICITY

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 24, 2023

Pathogenic bacteria produce numerous enzymes that help to increase their pathogenicity and/or virulence during an […]

ENDOTOXIN PRODUCING BACTERIA
  • Bacteriology

ENDOTOXIN PRODUCING BACTERIA

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 24, 2023

Endotoxins are microbial toxins which are produced only on cell lysis i.e. on cell death. […]

EXOTOXIN PRODUCING BACTERIA
  • Bacteriology

EXOTOXIN PRODUCING BACTERIA

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 24, 2023

Exotoxins are extracellular toxins produced by living bacterial cells. They are protein molecules excreted by […]

BACTERIAL TOXINS
  • Bacteriology

BACTERIAL TOXINS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 24, 2023

Toxins are specific microbial products or secretions which at very low concentrations can act specifically […]

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