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Microbiology Class

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  • Bacteriology
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    • HOW TO CREATE YOUR EUROPASS CV AND EUROPASS COVER LETTER FOR EU APPLICATIONS (JOBS, RESEARCH, EDUCATION)
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    • Steps for a Successful Post-Doctoral Fellowship Application, Grant Call or Scholarships for Postgraduate Studies Abroad – A Personal Memoir 
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  • Virology

Author: Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu

Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu is a distinguished Microbiologist, Researcher, and Educator with an extensive international profile. He is a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Foundation, Germany, and currently serves as a Research Fellow at the Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany. His research focuses on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the ecological impacts of antibiotics, with particular emphasis on soil ecosystems. He is the founder and developer of Africa’s leading microbiology platform, www.MicrobiologyClass.net, a widely recognized knowledge hub that supports students, professionals, and researchers across Africa and beyond. The platform is a key resource for advancing microbiology education and research with global reach and relevance. Throughout his career, Dr. Ejikeugwu has held several prestigious international research appointments and fellowships, including a Research Fellowship at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany, within the soilRESIST project, where he investigated the effects of antibiotic mixtures on soil microbiomes. He has also completed postdoctoral fellowships at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany, under the DAAD program, and at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, under the MIF fellowship scheme. In recognition of his contributions to AMR research, he received the Young Investigator Award on AMR from Institut Mérieux, France, in 2021. He is also a recipient of the NIH CAMRA grant supporting research on AMR in poultry environments. Dr. Ejikeugwu was a member of the Global Young Academy (GYA), Germany, and holds memberships in several professional organizations, including Applied Microbiology International (AMI), the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), and the Nigerian Society for Microbiology (NSM). He earned his PhD. in Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology in 2017 from Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. In his current role as Reader at ESUT, Nigeria, he is deeply engaged in teaching, mentorship, and research leadership. He supervises undergraduate and postgraduate students, fostering academic development and strengthening capacity in microbiology and AMR research. Driven by a sustained commitment to scientific excellence, education, and international collaboration, Dr. Ejikeugwu continues to contribute significantly to the advancement of microbiology and AMR research worldwide.
  • Home
  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
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Characteristics of Pathogenic Microorganisms (Bacteria)
  • Bacteriology

Characteristics of Pathogenic Microorganisms (Bacteria)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 24, 2023

Bacterial pathogens that cause infections in humans have innate characteristic mechanisms with which they use […]

INOCULUM SIZE OF MICROBES
  • Bacteriology

INOCULUM SIZE OF MICROBES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 24, 2023

Inoculum size is defined as the number of invading pathogenic microorganisms that is sufficient enough […]

CONTINUOUS AND SEMI-CONTINUOUS FERMENTATION
  • Industrial Microbiology

CONTINUOUS AND SEMI-CONTINUOUS FERMENTATION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 23, 2023

Introduction to Fermentation Processes Fermentation is a metabolic process by which microorganisms convert organic compounds—primarily […]

Fed-Batch Fermentation: A Comprehensive Overview
  • Industrial Microbiology

Fed-Batch Fermentation: A Comprehensive Overview

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 23, 2023

Fed-batch fermentation is a critical and widely used process in modern biotechnology and industrial microbiology. […]

Batch Fermentation: Principles, Process, Applications, and Evaluation
  • Industrial Microbiology

Batch Fermentation: Principles, Process, Applications, and Evaluation

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 23, 2023

Introduction Fermentation is a biological process through which microorganisms convert substrates (typically carbohydrates) into valuable […]

Benefits of Fermentation: A Comprehensive Exploration
  • Industrial Microbiology

Benefits of Fermentation: A Comprehensive Exploration

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 23, 2023

Fermentation is one of the oldest and most fundamental biotechnological processes known to mankind, with […]

THERMOCYCLER (PCR Machine)
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

THERMOCYCLER (PCR Machine)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 23, 2023

Thermocycler or thermal cycler is a piece of equipment is used for the copying or […]

SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
  • Mycology

SYSTEMIC MYCOSES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 20, 2023

Systemic mycoses are fungal infections that affect deep tissues and organs of the body; and […]

SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES
  • Mycology

SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 20, 2023

Subcutaneous mycoses are fungal infections that affect the subcutaneous tissues below the skin, and the […]

CUTANEOUS MYCOSES
  • Mycology

CUTANEOUS MYCOSES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 20, 2023

Cutaneous mycoses are fungal infections of the skin, nails and hairs; and they are mainly […]

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
  • Mycology

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 20, 2023

Superficial mycoses are fungal infections which are only limited to the keratinized outer layer of […]

MYCOSES – fungal infections
  • Mycology

MYCOSES – fungal infections

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 20, 2023

Mycoses are infections caused by pathogenic fungi. And they include superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous […]

STRUCTURES OF FUNGI
  • Mycology

STRUCTURES OF FUNGI

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 18, 2023

The spores (conidia) are produced in dry chains from the tips of the phialides, with […]

FORMS & PREVENTION OF HALITOSIS
  • Microbiology of Oral Infection

FORMS & PREVENTION OF HALITOSIS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 17, 2023

There are various forms of halitosis (bad breath) that an individual can experience at different […]

HALITOSIS – BAD BREATH AND YOU
  • Microbiology of Oral Infection

HALITOSIS – BAD BREATH AND YOU

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 17, 2023

Bad breath is clinically known as halitosis. Halitosis is an oral health condition that affects […]

PERIODONTITIS
  • Microbiology of Oral Infection

PERIODONTITIS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 17, 2023

Periodontitis is defined as the microbial infection of the periodontal membrane leading to pyorrhea, and […]

GINGIVITIS
  • Microbiology of Oral Infection

GINGIVITIS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 17, 2023

Gingivitis is simply defined as the inflammation of the gum (gingivae) caused by microbial activity. […]

TECHNIQUES OF REVIVING MICROBIAL CULTURES
  • Cell Culture Notes
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

TECHNIQUES OF REVIVING MICROBIAL CULTURES

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 16, 2023

The procedures described below are guidelines of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). They are […]

Immunization: Importance in Disease Prevention and Public Health
  • Immunology & Immune System
  • Virology

Immunization: Importance in Disease Prevention and Public Health

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 16, 2023

Immunization is the process through which an individual is made immune or resistant to an […]

GENOMIC DNA ISOLATION
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

GENOMIC DNA ISOLATION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 15, 2023

The Isolation of Genomic DNA from the bacterium, Escherichia coli is explained in this section […]

Epidemic Disease Occurrence
  • Epidemiology

Epidemic Disease Occurrence

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 15, 2023

Epidemic disease occurrence refers to the sudden increase in the number of cases of a […]

Desoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA)
  • Culture media

Desoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 15, 2023

Desoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) is a selective medium for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella […]

ANTIGEN RETRIEVAL PROTOCOL FOR PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED TISSUE
  • Immunology & Immune System

ANTIGEN RETRIEVAL PROTOCOL FOR PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED TISSUE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 15, 2023

In the previous section on DEPARAFFINIZATION PRIOR TO IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STAINING, we looked at deparaffinization and […]

ANTIBODY SELECTION AND STAINING FOR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
  • Immunology & Immune System

ANTIBODY SELECTION AND STAINING FOR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 15, 2023

We have looked at deparaffinization and rehydration of paraffin-embedded tissue, as well as antigen-retrieval protocol […]

ADENOVIRUS INFECTION
  • Virology

ADENOVIRUS INFECTION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 15, 2023

Adenoviridae are a diverse group of viruses that infect humans and a wide range of animal […]

NITROCEFIN TEST FOR BETA-LACTAMASE PRODUCTION
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

NITROCEFIN TEST FOR BETA-LACTAMASE PRODUCTION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

The production of beta-lactamase enzymes by Gram negative bacteria including E. coli, P. aeruginosa and […]

TRYPAN BLUE & HAEMOCYTOMETER
  • Microbe Lab
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

TRYPAN BLUE & HAEMOCYTOMETER

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

Trypan blue is defined as a dye or stain that enables us to distinguish between […]

WAYS TO SEPARATE DNA FROM OTHER CELLULAR MATERIALS: BINDING AND WASHING
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

WAYS TO SEPARATE DNA FROM OTHER CELLULAR MATERIALS: BINDING AND WASHING

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

When phenol or a mixture of phenol:chloroform is mixed with a  cell Lysate, two phases […]

Vancomycin resistance in Enterococci
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Vancomycin resistance in Enterococci

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

Enterococcus (plural: Enterococci) is a group of bacteria that is normally found in the intestines […]

TYPES OF SOLID SUPPORT FOR BINDING DNA
  • Molecular Microbiology

TYPES OF SOLID SUPPORT FOR BINDING DNA

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

The types of solid support for binding DNA are as follows: 1. Silica Matrix Silica […]

What are ESBLs?
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

What are ESBLs?

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

ESBLs (extended spectrum beta-lactamases) are enzymes that mediate resistance to extended-spectrum (third generation) cephalosporins (e.g., […]

What is a stem cell?
  • Cell Culture Notes
  • Immunology & Immune System

What is a stem cell?

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

A stem cell is a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialised cell types […]

WHO Global Principles for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals Intended for Food
  • Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

WHO Global Principles for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals Intended for Food

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

Purpose: To minimize the negative public health impact of the use of antimicrobial agents in […]

Diagnostic Viral Assays
  • Virology

Diagnostic Viral Assays

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

Diagnostic methods accurately identify viral infections in patients. This is a prerequisite to control and […]

ECHINOCOCCOSIS(HYDATIDOSIS, OR HYDATID DISEASE)
  • Public Health & Parasitology

ECHINOCOCCOSIS(HYDATIDOSIS, OR HYDATID DISEASE)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

BIOLOGY AND CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF ECHINOCOCOCCUS Human echinococcosis (hydatidosis, or hydatid disease) is caused by […]

CEFTAZIDIME-IMIPENEM ANTAGONISM TEST (CIAT)
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

CEFTAZIDIME-IMIPENEM ANTAGONISM TEST (CIAT)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

Ceftazidime-imipenem antagonism test (CIAT) is one of the phenotypic confirmation tests that can be used […]

Botulism – a public health menace
  • Bacteriology
  • Food Microbiology
  • Public Health & Parasitology

Botulism – a public health menace

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 14, 2023

Key facts Foodborne botulism is a serious, potentially fatal disease. However, it is relatively rare. […]

Core Epidemiologic Functions: Strengthening Surveillance, Investigation, and Public Health Response
  • Epidemiology

Core Epidemiologic Functions: Strengthening Surveillance, Investigation, and Public Health Response

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 13, 2023

Epidemiology is the foundational science of public health, providing the methods and evidence needed to […]

Yellow Fever Infection
  • Virology

Yellow Fever Infection

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 13, 2023

The yellow fever virus is found in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and South […]

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
  • Public Health & Parasitology
  • Virology

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an illness caused by a virus (more specifically, a […]

Fusidic acid
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Fusidic acid

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

Fusidic acid is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial agent and/or antibiotic that is derived from the fungus, […]

Cetrimide selective agar
  • Culture media

Cetrimide selective agar

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

Cetrimide selective agar is used for the selective cultivation and isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from clinical […]

CELL DENSITY METER
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

CELL DENSITY METER

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

Cell density meter is an instrument that is used for measuring of the density of […]

Calculation for preparing culture media
  • Culture media

Calculation for preparing culture media

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

In this section, you will learn how to calculate for culture media preparation. Calculations for […]

Candida glabrata
  • Mycology

Candida glabrata

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

Biology of Candida glabrata Candida glabrata is a fungus species of haploid yeast of the […]

CAMP Test for Identification of Group B Streptococci
  • Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab

CAMP Test for Identification of Group B Streptococci

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

The CAMP test (named for the original authors: Christie, Atkins, and Munch-Petersen) was first used […]

Anthroponotic Diseases (Anthroponoses) and Sapronoses: An Ecological Overview of Human-Associated and Environmental Infectious Systems
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health & Parasitology

Anthroponotic Diseases (Anthroponoses) and Sapronoses: An Ecological Overview of Human-Associated and Environmental Infectious Systems

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 7, 2023

Anthroponotic diseases (anthroponoses) and sapronoses represent two distinct ecological and epidemiological modes of infectious disease […]

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 7, 2023

Therapeutic drugs are administered in various ways, and these include parenteral and oral administration. Other […]

PHARMACOKINETICS & PHARMACODYNAMICS
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

PHARMACOKINETICS & PHARMACODYNAMICS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 7, 2023

Pharmacokinetics is simply the study of how the body reacts to therapeutic agents or drugs […]

DRUG INTERACTION
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

DRUG INTERACTION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 7, 2023

To be clinically effective for the treatment of infectious diseases, every drug must reach a […]

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