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Microbiology Class

Microbiology Class

Best Microbiology Resource Hub for Notes, Seminars, Courses

  • Welcome to MicrobiologyClass | Africa’s Leading Microbiology Platform
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  • Bacteriology
  • Biotechnology
  • Careers in Microbiology
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Food Microbiology
  • General Microbiology
  • Immunology & Immune System
  • Industrial Microbiology
  • Medical Microbiology
  • Microscopy & Microscope
  • Molecular Microbiology
  • Mycology
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
  • Project & Seminar Topics
  • Public Health & Parasitology
  • Research, Proposal & Scholarships
    • How to create your EUROPASS CV and cover letter for EU applications (jobs, research positions, education)
    • How to write a Cover Letter – Faculty, Postgraduate, Postdoc – sample attached
    • Research proposal tips for grants & projects
    • Sample template on how to write your research achievements and results when applying for a fellowship or grant
    • Access to scholarship and funding opportunities for conferences, study (B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.), postdoctoral fellowships and research grants
    • Steps for a Successful Post-Doctoral Fellowship Application, Grant Call or Scholarships for Postgraduate Studies Abroad – A Personal Memoir 
    • Current Calls & Scholarship Opportunities for Training, Postdoc, Higher Education, Postgraduate Studies & Jobs
    • The Proposal Writer’s Guide
    • Common Mistakes International Students Make in Scholarship Applications
    • Important Microbiology Websites for Study & Opportunities
  • Virology

Author: Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu

Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu is a Microbiologist, Researcher, and Educator with an extensive international profile. He was a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Foundation, Germany from 2023-2026. Currently, he serves as a Research Fellow at the Department of Microbiology, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany. His research focuses on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the ecological impacts of antibiotics, with particular emphasis on soil ecosystems. He is the founder and developer of Africa’s leading microbiology platform, www.MicrobiologyClass.net, a widely recognized knowledge hub that supports students, professionals, and researchers across Africa and beyond. The platform is a key resource for advancing microbiology education and research with global reach and relevance. Throughout his career, Dr. Ejikeugwu has held several prestigious international research appointments and fellowships, including a Research Fellowship at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany, within the soilRESIST project, where he investigated the effects of antibiotic mixtures on soil microbiomes. He has also completed postdoctoral fellowships at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany, under the DAAD program, and at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, under the MIF fellowship scheme. In recognition of his contributions to AMR research, he received the Young Investigator Award on AMR from Institut Mérieux, France, in 2021. He is also a recipient of the NIH CAMRA grant supporting research on AMR in poultry environments. Dr. Ejikeugwu was a member of the Global Young Academy (GYA), Germany, and holds memberships in several professional organizations, including Applied Microbiology International (AMI), the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), and the Nigerian Society for Microbiology (NSM). He earned his PhD. in Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology in 2017 from Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. In his current role as Reader at ESUT, Nigeria, he is deeply engaged in teaching, mentorship, and research leadership. He supervises undergraduate and postgraduate students, fostering academic development and strengthening capacity in microbiology and AMR research. Driven by a sustained commitment to scientific excellence, education, and international collaboration, Dr. Ejikeugwu continues to contribute significantly to the advancement of microbiology and AMR research worldwide.
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Core Epidemiologic Functions: Strengthening Surveillance, Investigation, and Public Health Response
  • Epidemiology

Core Epidemiologic Functions: Strengthening Surveillance, Investigation, and Public Health Response

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 13, 2023

Epidemiology is the foundational science of public health, providing the methods and evidence needed to […]

Yellow Fever Infection
  • Virology

Yellow Fever Infection

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 13, 2023

The yellow fever virus is found in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and South […]

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
  • Public Health & Parasitology
  • Virology

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an illness caused by a virus (more specifically, a […]

Fusidic Acid
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Fusidic Acid

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

Fusidic acid is a naturally occurring antimicrobial compound belonging to the fusidane class of antibiotics […]

Cetrimide selective agar
  • Culture media

Cetrimide selective agar

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

Cetrimide selective agar is used for the selective cultivation and isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from clinical […]

CELL DENSITY METER
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

CELL DENSITY METER

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

Cell density meter is an instrument that is used for measuring of the density of […]

Calculation for preparing culture media
  • Culture media

Calculation for preparing culture media

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

In this section, you will learn how to calculate for culture media preparation. Calculations for […]

Candida glabrata
  • Mycology

Candida glabrata

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

Biology of Candida glabrata Candida glabrata is a fungus species of haploid yeast of the […]

CAMP Test for Identification of Group B Streptococci
  • Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab

CAMP Test for Identification of Group B Streptococci

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 9, 2023

The CAMP test (named for the original authors: Christie, Atkins, and Munch-Petersen) was first used […]

Anthroponotic Diseases (Anthroponoses) and Sapronoses: An Ecological Overview of Human-Associated and Environmental Infectious Systems
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health & Parasitology

Anthroponotic Diseases (Anthroponoses) and Sapronoses: An Ecological Overview of Human-Associated and Environmental Infectious Systems

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 7, 2023

Anthroponotic diseases (anthroponoses) and sapronoses represent two distinct ecological and epidemiological modes of infectious disease […]

Routes of Drug Administration
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Routes of Drug Administration

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 7, 2023

The therapeutic journey of a drug does not begin when it reaches its molecular target; […]

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 7, 2023

Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement and transformation of a […]

Drug Interactions
  • Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Drug Interactions

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 7, 2023

Drug-drug interaction is a pharmacological phenomenon in which the presence of one drug alters the absorption, […]

Monitoring of Water Quality 
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology
  • Food Microbiology
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Monitoring of Water Quality 

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 7, 2023

Water quality monitoring is a scientific and management-based approach used to understand the condition, behavior, […]

Active Air Monitoring
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology
  • Food Microbiology
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Active Air Monitoring

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 5, 2023

Active air monitoring is a microbiological technique used to evaluate the quality of indoor air […]

Passive Air Monitoring
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology
  • Food Microbiology
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Passive Air Monitoring

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 5, 2023

Passive air monitoring is a widely adopted environmental surveillance approach used to evaluate the microbiological […]

Glass Plating Beads for spreading bacteria/fungi on culture plate
  • Bacteriology
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

Glass Plating Beads for spreading bacteria/fungi on culture plate

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 4, 2023

Glass Plating Beads are reusable beads which helps to spread suspensions of microorganisms (bacteria or […]

FTA CARDS
  • Public Health & Parasitology
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

FTA CARDS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 4, 2023

The acronym FTA stands for “Flinders Technology Association”. FTA CARDS are chemically treated Whatman filter […]

Cholera – a public health threat
  • Bacteriology

Cholera – a public health threat

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 4, 2023

Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration […]

Assessing RNA Purity, Concentration and Integrity
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology
  • Techniques in Microbiology Lab

Assessing RNA Purity, Concentration and Integrity

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 4, 2023

The integrity, purity and concentration of the RNA so isolated should be confirmed before proceeding […]

Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection)
  • Bacteriology

Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection)

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 4, 2023

Key facts about Buruli ulcer Buruli ulcer, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is a chronic debilitating disease that […]

Monitoring of Air Quality
  • Environmental & Soil Microbiology
  • Food Microbiology
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Monitoring of Air Quality

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 3, 2023

Air quality monitoring is a fundamental component of environmental management and public health protection. It […]

Quality Assurance: System Design and Implementation in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Laboratory Practice
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Quality Assurance: System Design and Implementation in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Laboratory Practice

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 3, 2023

Quality Assurance (QA) is a structured, systematic, and documented framework designed to ensure that products […]

Quality Control in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Principles, Microbial Testing, Practical Implementation & GMP Compliance
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Quality Control in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Principles, Microbial Testing, Practical Implementation & GMP Compliance

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 3, 2023

Introduction Quality control (QC) is a systematic monitoring and verification framework used to detect, measure, […]

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CELL CULTURE
  • Cell Culture Notes

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CELL CULTURE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

The history of cell culture cannot be complete without the mention of Henrietta Lacks, whose […]

Descriptive Epidemiological Studies: Principles, Methods, and Applications
  • Epidemiology

Descriptive Epidemiological Studies: Principles, Methods, and Applications

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Descriptive epidemiology is a foundational branch of epidemiology concerned with characterizing the distribution of health-related […]

DENTAL PLAQUE
  • Microbiology of Oral Infection

DENTAL PLAQUE

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Dental plaque is defined as the tenacious microbial deposit that forms on the hard tissue […]

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE TEST
  • Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE TEST

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Hydrogen sulphide test: Hydrogen sulphide test is used to identify bacteria that produce the gas, […]

METHYL RED TEST
  • Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab

METHYL RED TEST

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Methyl red test is used to identify pathogenic bacteria that produce acid from glucose phosphate. […]

AMYLASE (STARCH HYDROLYSIS) TEST
  • Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab

AMYLASE (STARCH HYDROLYSIS) TEST

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Amylase (Starch hydrolysis) test is used to identify bacteria that hydrolyze starch (including amylopectin and […]

BLOOD AGAR HAEMOLYSIS TEST
  • Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab

BLOOD AGAR HAEMOLYSIS TEST

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Blood agar haemolysis is used to determine the haemolytic ability of some pathogenic microorganisms including […]

SATELLITISM TEST
  • Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab

SATELLITISM TEST

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Satellitism test is a culture-based test which is used to identify Haemophilus influenzae in the […]

FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
  • Mycology

FUNGAL REPRODUCTION

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Fungal reproduction is unique and distinct from those of other microbial cells such as bacteria. […]

Zika virus Infection
  • Virology

Zika virus Infection

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Key facts about zika virus infection Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first […]

Chikungunya Infection
  • Virology

Chikungunya Infection

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease first described during an outbreak in southern Tanzania in […]

BAIRD–PARKER AGAR
  • Culture media

BAIRD–PARKER AGAR

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Baird–parker agar is a selective medium for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods and […]

Common Mistakes International Students Make in Scholarship Applications
  • Careers in Microbiology
  • Research, Proposal & Scholarships

Common Mistakes International Students Make in Scholarship Applications

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Pursuing higher education abroad is a dream shared by millions of students worldwide. Every year, […]

Links for dilution calculation
  • Formulars & Calculations

Links for dilution calculation

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Links for dilution calculation in biological sciences and other fields of sciences: These links will […]

P value
  • Formulars & Calculations
  • Microbe Lab

P value

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

The phrase “P value” also means ‘calculated probability’. P value is defined as the probability […]

LATEST MICROBIOLOGY SEMINAR TOPICS
  • Project & Seminar Topics

LATEST MICROBIOLOGY SEMINAR TOPICS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

Discover Cutting-Edge Microbiology Seminar Topics for Students & Researchers (2026 Updated) Attention Microbiology Students & […]

MICROBIOLOGY PROJECT TOPICS
  • Project & Seminar Topics

MICROBIOLOGY PROJECT TOPICS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • January 2, 2023

This section presents a curated collection of research project topics in microbiology and related biomedical […]

PROKARYOTIC CELLS
  • Bacteriology
  • Microbial Physiology & Metabolism

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 31, 2022

Prokaryotic cells are microbial cells that have chromosomes that are not separated from the cytoplasm […]

TOOLS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Microbiology

TOOLS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 31, 2022

Biotechnology uses the tools of molecular biology (i.e. genetic engineering) to produce novel products through […]

Appertization
  • Food Microbiology

Appertization

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 31, 2022

Appertization is a thermal food preservation process that involves exposing food to elevated temperatures for […]

SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY
  • Safety tips in Microbiology Lab

SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 31, 2022

Safety in the clinical microbiology laboratory should not be taken for granted. It is paramount […]

SLIME MOULDS
  • Mycology

SLIME MOULDS

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 31, 2022

Slime moulds are eukaryotic organisms that have fungus-like features as well as some animal- or […]

Significance and Applications of Microorganisms
  • Biotechnology
  • Food Microbiology
  • General Microbiology
  • Industrial Microbiology

Significance and Applications of Microorganisms

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 31, 2022

Microorganisms, often referred to as microbes, are microscopic living organisms that cannot be seen with […]

ANTIGEN
  • Immunology & Immune System

ANTIGEN

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 31, 2022

Antigen is any substance or molecule that can trigger an immune response in an animal. […]

Magnification: Understanding Magnification in Microscopy
  • Microscopy & Microscope

Magnification: Understanding Magnification in Microscopy

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 31, 2022

Magnification is the process by which the apparent size of a specimen or object is […]

Major Economic Importance of Viruses
  • Virology

Major Economic Importance of Viruses

  • Dr. Chika Ejikeugwu
  • December 31, 2022

Viruses occupy a paradoxical position in human society because they are widely associated with disease […]

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