Living organisms vary in terms of their mode of nutrition i.e. how they feed or […]
Microbial (Bacterial) Nutrition
Bacterial Nutritionis importantfor the optimum growth of the organism because it is the only means […]
CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-positive, non-spore forming, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile bacterium that causes diphtheria, […]
VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, oxidase positive, spiral, non-spore forming, facultative, motile, curved or straight […]
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, non-motile, non-sporulating, non-capsulate, diplococcus found asymptomatically in humans. N. […]
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracis is a mesophilic, Gram-positive, aerobic, catalase-positive, rod-like and spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax […]
MICROBIAL HAEMOLYSIS IN BLOOD AGAR
Haemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs). Certain bacterial species including Streptococcus and […]
History of Antibiotics
The history of antibiotics is a remarkable chapter in modern medicine. It is marked by […]
PATHOGENICITY ISLANDS
Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are the regions of bacterial chromosome (usually of foreign origin) that contain […]
BACTERIAL ENZYMES THAT EXCITE PATHOGENICITY
Pathogenic bacteria produce numerous enzymes that help to increase their pathogenicity and/or virulence during an […]
ENDOTOXIN PRODUCING BACTERIA
Endotoxins are microbial toxins which are produced only on cell lysis i.e. on cell death. […]
EXOTOXIN PRODUCING BACTERIA
Exotoxins are extracellular toxins produced by living bacterial cells. They are protein molecules excreted by […]
BACTERIAL TOXINS
Toxins are specific microbial products or secretions which at very low concentrations can act specifically […]
Characteristics of Pathogenic Microorganisms (Bacteria)
Bacterial pathogens that cause infections in humans have innate characteristic mechanisms with which they use […]
INOCULUM SIZE OF MICROBES
Inoculum size is defined as the number of invading pathogenic microorganisms that is sufficient enough […]
Continuous and Semi-Continuous Fermentation
Fermentation is a metabolic process by which microorganisms convert organic compounds primarily carbohydrates into simpler […]
Fed-Batch Fermentation
Fed-batch fermentation is a critical and widely used process in modern biotechnology and industrial microbiology. […]
Batch Fermentation
Fermentation is a biological process in which microorganisms convert substrates (typically carbohydrates) into valuable end-products […]
Significance and Benefits of Fermentation in Food, Health, Industry, and Sustainable Development
Fermentation is a biological process in which microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, molds, and actinomycetes […]
THERMOCYCLER (PCR Machine)
Thermocycler or thermal cycler is a piece of equipment is used for the copying or […]
SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
Systemic mycoses are fungal infections that affect deep tissues and organs of the body; and […]
SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES
Subcutaneous mycoses are fungal infections that affect the subcutaneous tissues below the skin, and the […]
CUTANEOUS MYCOSES
Cutaneous mycoses are fungal infections of the skin, nails and hairs; and they are mainly […]
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
Superficial mycoses are fungal infections which are only limited to the keratinized outer layer of […]
MYCOSES – fungal infections
Mycoses are infections caused by pathogenic fungi. And they include superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous […]
STRUCTURES OF FUNGI
The spores (conidia) are produced in dry chains from the tips of the phialides, with […]
FORMS & PREVENTION OF HALITOSIS
There are various forms of halitosis (bad breath) that an individual can experience at different […]
HALITOSIS – BAD BREATH AND YOU
Bad breath is clinically known as halitosis. Halitosis is an oral health condition that affects […]
PERIODONTITIS
Periodontitis is defined as the microbial infection of the periodontal membrane leading to pyorrhea, and […]
GINGIVITIS
Gingivitis is simply defined as the inflammation of the gum (gingivae) caused by microbial activity. […]
TECHNIQUES OF REVIVING MICROBIAL CULTURES
The procedures described below are guidelines of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). They are […]
Immunization: Importance in Disease Prevention and Public Health
Immunization is the process through which an individual is made immune or resistant to an […]
GENOMIC DNA ISOLATION
The Isolation of Genomic DNA from the bacterium, Escherichia coli is explained in this section […]
Epidemic Disease Occurrence
Epidemic disease occurrence refers to the sudden increase in the number of cases of a […]
Desoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA)
Desoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) is a selective medium for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella […]
ANTIGEN RETRIEVAL PROTOCOL FOR PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED TISSUE
In the previous section on DEPARAFFINIZATION PRIOR TO IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STAINING, we looked at deparaffinization and […]
ANTIBODY SELECTION AND STAINING FOR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
We have looked at deparaffinization and rehydration of paraffin-embedded tissue, as well as antigen-retrieval protocol […]
ADENOVIRUS INFECTION
Adenoviridae are a diverse group of viruses that infect humans and a wide range of animal […]
Nitrocefin test for Beta-Lactamase Production in Bacteria
Antimicrobial resistance has become an important challenge in clinical microbiology. This is because bacteria can […]
TRYPAN BLUE & HAEMOCYTOMETER
Trypan blue is defined as a dye or stain that enables us to distinguish between […]
WAYS TO SEPARATE DNA FROM OTHER CELLULAR MATERIALS: BINDING AND WASHING
When phenol or a mixture of phenol:chloroform is mixed with a cell Lysate, two phases […]
Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococci
Enterococci are Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that constitute an important component of the gastrointestinal microbiota […]
TYPES OF SOLID SUPPORT FOR BINDING DNA
The types of solid support for binding DNA are as follows: 1. Silica Matrix Silica […]
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics, particularly […]
What is a stem cell?
A stem cell is a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialised cell types […]
WHO Global Principles for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals Intended for Food
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a formidable challenge at the intersection of animal health, […]
Diagnostic Viral Assays
Diagnostic methods accurately identify viral infections in patients. This is a prerequisite to control and […]
ECHINOCOCCOSIS(HYDATIDOSIS, OR HYDATID DISEASE)
BIOLOGY AND CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF ECHINOCOCOCCUS Human echinococcosis (hydatidosis, or hydatid disease) is caused by […]
Ceftazidime-Imipenem Antagonism Test (CIAT)
AmpC β-lactamases are bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze several β-lactam antibiotics, thereby reducing their effectiveness against […]
Botulism: A Public Health Menace
Botulism is a rare yet life-threatening neuroparalytic illness caused by toxins produced by the anaerobic, […]