All bacterial cells are extremely infinitesimal (i.e. microscopic), and are never visible to the naked […]
Microbial Metabolites: Primary and Secondary Metabolites
Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and actinomycetes, are among the most versatile biochemical producers in […]
SLIDE RACK & STAINING RACK
Slide rack is a piece of vessel used for packing and storing clean glass slides […]
PETRI DISHES
Petri dishes are shallow glass or plastic plates that are cylindrical in shape, and which […]
Anaerobic Digestion: Principles, Microbial Ecology, and Applications
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a naturally occurring biological process in which complex organic materials are […]
PHENOTYPIC DETECTION METHODS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) IN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
The expression “phenotypic” is from the word phenotype, which means “the observable characteristics of an […]
Mechanism or Mode of Action of Antibiotics (Antibacterial Agents)
Antibiotics represent a cornerstone of modern antimicrobial therapy, distinguished by their capacity to interfere with […]
GENOMIC DNA
Genomic DNA is a double helix structure that is composed of several components including purines […]
REASONS FOR THE HIGH FREQUENCY OF PARASITES & PARASITIC DISEASES IN TROPICAL & SUBTROPICAL REGIONS
Parasitic diseases are usually common in rainforest parts of the world (the tropical and subtropical […]
PYROGEN TEST
A pyrogen is simply defined as a fever-causing (inducing) agent that includes toxins of microorganisms. […]
CELLS THAT CAN BE CULTURED IN VITRO USING CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUE
The living cells that are cultured may include: When a whole organ or intact organ […]
Epidemiological Studies: Key Concepts, Designs, Methods, and Applications
Epidemiological studies are a foundational component of public health research, providing systematic methods to investigate […]
MICROBIOTA OF DENTAL DISEASES: Dental Plaque, Dental Caries, Gingivitis, Periodontitis
The microbiota of dental diseases describes the microorganisms (inclusive of normal flora of the oral […]
Preparation of Bacterial Smear & Heat-Fixing
The preparation of bacterial smears and heat fixing are essential procedures in microbiology that facilitate […]
FUNGAL MORPHOLOGY
Fungi unlike other groups of microorganisms possess or have unique structures which distinguish them from […]
PARTS OF A CELL AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
The cells of all living organisms share several structural characteristics together. Some of the many […]
Microorganisms Used in Biotechnological Processes
Biotechnology has emerged as a transformative scientific and technological domain in which biological systems, organisms, […]
MICROBIOTA (NORMAL MICROFLORA) OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Microbiota which can also be called normal microflora is the totality of microorganisms that are […]
Food Preservation Methods
Food preservation is the science and practice of maintaining the quality, safety, and nutritional value […]
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES TO OBSERVE WHILE WORKING IN THE MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY
REFERENCES Atlas R.M (2010). Handbook of Microbiological Media. Fourth edition. American Society of Microbiology Press, […]
SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
The field of Microbiology has tremendous possibilities and a very bright future, and intending or […]
The History of Virology: From Invisible Pathogens to Modern Scientific Breakthroughs
Early discoveries and the birth of virology Virology is the branch of biological science that […]
STAINING TECHNIQUE
Staining is any microbiological process which increases the contrast of organisms when certain dyes or […]
MICROBIAL GROWTH PHASE
Microbial growth is a fundamental biological process that governs the proliferation of microbial cells in […]
Overview of Molecular Biology
Molecular biology is the study of the genetic makeup of organisms at the level of […]
OVERVIEW OF BACTERIA
Bacteria (singular: Bacterium) is one of the two important members of the prokaryotes (i.e. cells […]
Properties of Microorganisms Used in Industrial Microbiology Applications
Microorganisms including bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus species, actinomycetes such as Streptomyces, and, in specialized […]
INOCULATING LOOP
Inoculating loop or wire loop is a general purpose piece of instrument that allows microbiologist […]
MICROBIOLOGY KEYWORDS A-Z GLOSSARY OF MICROBIOLOGY YOU NEED TO KNOW
Master these microbiology keywords, terms and definitions with this A-Z Glossary of Microbiology! In this […]
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
Germ theory of disease is the theory that human infectious diseases are caused by specific […]
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION (ABIOGENESIS)
Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) is the mistaken hypothesis that living organisms are capable of being generated […]
Milestones in Microbiology
Other landmarks and discoveries in the field of microbiology are summarized in Table 1. Table […]
JAMES WATSON
Born on the 6th of April, 1928, James Watson is an American molecular biologist, geneticist, […]
FRANCIS CRICK (1916-2004)
Francis Crick was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. He co-discovered the molecular structure […]
FREDERICK GRIFFITH (1879-1941)
Frederick Griffith was a British bacteriologist who performed transformation experiments that suggested that DNA was […]
SERGEI WINOGRADSKY (1856-1953)
Sergei Winogradsky was a Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who was among the first […]
MARTINUS BEIJERINCK (1851-1931)
Martinus Beijerinck was a Dutch microbiologist and botanists who like Sergei Winogradsky began examining the […]
GERHARD DOMAGK (1895-1964)
Gerhard Domagk was a German pathologist and bacteriologist who reported in 1935 that prontosil (a […]
PAUL EHRLICH (1854-1915)
Systematic work on antimicrobial drugs was first initiated by the Germanphysician Paul Ehrlich. Ehrlich worked […]
DMITRI IWANOVSKI (1864-1920)
Dmitri Iwanovski was a Russian botanist, and one of the discoverer of filterable nature of […]
JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)
Joseph Lister, an English surgeon is the father of antiseptic surgery. He was aware of […]
IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS (1818-1865)
Ignaz Semmelweisis regarded as the father of infection control because of his discovery of the […]
ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1845-1916)
Elie Metchnikoff was a Russian biologist, zoologist and protozoologist who is best remembered for his […]
ABBE LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)
Lazzaro, an Italian naturalist criticized John Needham’s work on spontaneous generation. In 1769, he performed […]
GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (1478-1553)
While the issue of spontaneous generation lasted as at the time, some other scientist like […]
FRANCESCO REDI (1626-1697)
Francesco Redi, an Italian scientist was the first scientist to challenge the theory of spontaneous […]
NICOLAS APPERT (1749-1841)
Nicolas Appert, a French chef and a confectioner is the “father of canning”, and was […]
FERDINAND J. COHN (1828-1898)
Ferdinand Cohn, a German biologist was born in Breslau (now in Poland). Cohn was the […]
EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823)
Edward Jenner was the pioneer of the dreaded smallpox vaccination and also the father of […]
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur, a French scientist was the first to report the role of microorganisms in […]