Why is cell, tissue or organ culture embarked upon despite the ethical issues surrounding its development, acceptance and usage? Cell culture has application in a variety of biomedical sciences and even in the industry. It has become one of the major tools used in the life sciences world over. Its application has greatly revolutionized the […]
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Cell Culture Notes
Observational epidemiological studies are non-experimental epidemiological investigations that involves no intervention by the researcher (in this case the epidemiologist) other than carrying out medical and laboratory examinations and probably asking questions about the issue at hand. In this type of epidemiological study, nature is allowed to take its full course while the researcher only observes
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Epidemiology
Dental caries is simply defined as the decaying of the teeth. It can also be called dental decay. Dental caries or dental decay is a gradual disintegration of the teeth beginning from the tooth surface and progressing inwards. And it is usually initiated by microbial activity going on around the tooth surface. Dental caries include
Gram staining is a general purpose bacteriological identification technique used in the bacteriology section of the microbiology laboratory to identify and differentiate bacteria into two groups i.e. Gram-positive and Gram-negative. It was discovered by Christian Gram (1853-1938), a Danish scientist in 1884. Christian Gram showed that the cells of some bacteria could be easily decolorized
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Microbe Lab, Bacteriology, Techniques in Microbiology Lab
Fungal classification or taxonomy is usually based on the sexual spores produced by the organisms. This is because the asexual forms of most fungi especially those that are of medical importance are not well known; and those groups of fungi that are of medical importance are sexual spore producers. The kingdom fungi comprise of four
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Mycology
Nitrate reduction test is used to identify pathogenic bacteria that have the ability to convert nitrate (NO3–) to nitrite (NO2–). Nitrate reduction test is used for the differentiation of members of Enterobacteriaceae on the basis of their ability to produce nitrate reductase enzyme – that hydrolyze nitrate (NO3–) to nitrite (NO2–), which may then again be
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Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab
Triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) is a differential agar medium used to different lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae from non-lactose fermenting enterobacteria. The medium usually contains three sugars viz: sucrose, glucose, and lactose, and phenol red as a pH indicator. TSIA is a synonymous biochemical test to Kliger’s iron agar (KIA) test. Both TSIA and KIA are used
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Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab
Voges-Proskauer (VP) test is used to identify Gram negative bacteria that produce 2,3-butanediol (acetoin) from the fermentation of glucose. The Voges–Proskauer test determines the capability of some organisms to produce non acidic or neutral end products, such as acetyl methyl carbinol from glucose or sugar fermentation. VP is a test used to detect acetoin in
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Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab
Sugar (glucose) utilization test or carbohydrate fermentation test is used to detect bacteria that ferment various sugars (e.g. glucose) as well as convert pyruvate (the end product of glycolysis) into gaseous by-products (e.g. hydrogen and CO2). Bacteria in an effort to generate energy can ferment various simple sugars including glucose, sucrose, mannitol, and lactose, and
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Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Lab
Citrate test is used to identify Enterobacteriaceae that utilize citrate or citric acid as their sole carbon and energy source. Simmon’s citrate agar or citrate tablet is used in performing this test but only the Simmon’s citrate agar method is expanded in this book. The Simmons citrate agar tests the ability of organisms to utilize
