Pharmaceutical Microbiology Archives - Page 6 of 8

GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP)

Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is simply defined as those general rules that govern the manufacture and/or production of a safe, efficacious and microbial-free pharmaceutical product. GMP are practices and the systems required to be adapted in pharmaceutical manufacturing, quality control, and quality system covering the manufacture and testing of pharmaceuticals or drugs including active pharmaceutical ingredients, […]

GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP) Read More »

Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyGMP, good manufacturing practice, GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP), pharmaceutical products, quality assurance, quality control

QUALITY ASSURANCE

DrChika

Quality assurance (QA) is a planned and systematic process used for evaluating and monitoring the quality and appropriateness or suitability of a product or given service. QA is related but different from quality control (QC). It is mainly geared towards finding a problem that is associated with a given product and managing it so that

QUALITY ASSURANCE Read More »

Environmental & Soil Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyGMP, good manufacturing practice, pharmaceutical products, QA, quality assurance

QUALITY CONTROL

DrChika

Quality control (QC) is defined as a monitoring system that is used for detecting and correcting analytical errors by establishing performance limits. QC is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product including pharmaceutical and medical products or performed services adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets

QUALITY CONTROL Read More »

Environmental & Soil Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyGMP, good manufacturing practice, pharmaceutical products, QC, quality control

Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Test

DrChika

The LAL test is applied in the testing of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, water, food, and air because of its high sensitivity and specificity for endotoxins of Gram negative bacteria. LAL test is used for the quality control of pharmaceutical/medical parenteral preparations. The observation that the haemolymph (blood)of the Horseshoe crab can form clot in the

Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Test Read More »

Food Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Microbiologyamoebocytes, blue haemolymph, haemolymph, horseshoe crab, LAL test, Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate, Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL), Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Test, Limulus Polyphemus crab, PYROGEN TEST, pyrogens

PHENOTYPIC DETECTION METHODS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) IN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

DrChika

The expression “phenotypic” is from the word phenotype, which means “the observable characteristics of an organism”. It describes the physical features of an organism in terms of its morphology, motility, colour and shape amongst other noticeable attributes that are typical to a particular organism. Thus, the phenotypic detection and characterization of antimicrobial resistant genes in

PHENOTYPIC DETECTION METHODS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) IN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA Read More »

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram, Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyAMR, antibiotic resistance, PHENOTYPIC DETECTION METHODS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) IN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, phenotypic tests

OTHER BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS AND NON-BETA-LACTAMS THAT INTERFERE WITH CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

DrChika

Aside penicillins and cephalosporins, other beta-lactam antibiotics used for clinical applications also exist. These beta-lactam antibiotics have expanded antibacterial activity, and they are often used to treat infections caused by bacterial pathogens that are resistant to the penicillins and cephalosporins. Antibiotics in this category are generally cell wall synthesis inhibitors, and they possess similar mechanisms

OTHER BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS AND NON-BETA-LACTAMS THAT INTERFERE WITH CELL WALL SYNTHESIS Read More »

Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Antimicrobial Agents & Antibioticsbacitracin, bet alactams, carbapenems, cell wall inhibitors, cephamycins, glycopeptides, monobactam

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS: Antibacterial Agents

DrChika

The antibiotics described above including those not described in this work are used to treat infections caused by disease causing microorganisms (bacteria). Majority of them exert a highly selective toxic action upon their target microbial cells but have little or no toxicity towards mammalian cells. These antibiotics can therefore be administered at concentrations sufficient enough

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS: Antibacterial Agents Read More »

Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Microbiologyantibacterial agents, MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS, mode of action of antibiotics

PYROGEN TEST

DrChika

A pyrogen is simply defined as a fever-causing (inducing) agent that includes toxins of microorganisms. The phrase “pyrogens” is derived from the Greek word “Pyros” to mean “Fire”. Pyrogens are the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component or endotoxins of bacteria especially Gram negative organisms. They also include the cell wall components of both Gram negative and Gram

PYROGEN TEST Read More »

Food Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Microbiologyendogenous pyrogens, exogenous pyrogens, GMP, good manufacturing practice, Gram negative cell wall, LAL test, lipopolysaccharide, LPS, pyrogen, PYROGEN TEST, pyrogenicity, pyrogens, quality control

CEPHALOSPORINS

DrChika

Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics that are penicillinase-resistant, and with related mode of action to the penicillins. Drugs in this category are clinical substitutes for penicillins due to the development of resistance to the later by pathogenic bacteria. Cephalosporins are classified into four (4) generations based on their spectrum of activity, side chain modifications and clinical

CEPHALOSPORINS Read More »

Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Microbiologybeta lactam agents, beta lactams, cell wall inhibitors, cephalosporin, cephalosporins, fifteh generation cephalosporin, first generation cephalosporin, fourth generation cephalosporin, second generation cephalosporin, third generation cephalosporin

PENICILLINS

DrChika

Penicillins are beta-lactam drugs that inhibit the cross-linking of N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) required for the formation of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells. They are generally bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitors. Penicillin, the first member of the penicillins is a general purpose antibiotic used in clinical medicine even till date. They specifically

PENICILLINS Read More »

Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Microbiologybeta lactam, beta lactam agents, cell wall inhibitors, murein, penicillin, penicillins, Penicillium, Penicillium notatum, peptidoglycan