Digital PCR (dPCR) is a method of quantifying nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) targets without […]
Category: Molecular Microbiology
Metaproteomics & Transcriptomics
What is Metaproteomics? Metaproteomics refers to the large-scale characterization of the complete set of proteins […]
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) workflow
The workflow of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) involves several critical […]
How does metagenomic sequencing differ from whole-genome sequencing (WGS)?
Metagenomic Sequencing Metagenomic sequencing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) are distinct techniques, but they can generate […]
RISKS, PROBLEMS AND ETHICAL ISSUES OF GENE THERAPY
Gene therapy is used to deliver functional genes or therapeutic DNA into target cells and […]
APPLICATIONS OF GENE THERAPY IN TREATING MOLECULAR DISEASES
Molecular diseases (genetic disorders) are non-infectious inheritable diseases which are usually caused by mutations that […]
POTENTIAL USES OF GENE THERAPY
Gene therapy techniques are an emerging field of experimental medicine and therapy for treating or […]
HOW GENE THERAPY WORKS
Genes are made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules – which are the main genetic material […]
PLASMIDS
Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms that have the […]
PREREQUISITES OR STEPS FOR GENE THERAPY
Gene therapy is an experimental discipline or research that uses functional gene (i.e. therapeutic DNA) […]
NITROGENOUS BASES – Purine and Pyrimidines
Genes in the DNA code for proteins; and it is the gene that directs the […]
Genes
Genes are sections of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that codes for the synthesis of a […]
Melting curve analysis in Real-time PCR
Melting curve analysis and detection systems Melting curve analysis can only be performed with realtime […]
Real-time PCR probes
TaqMan® probe signal production Whether an MGB or non-MGB probe is chosen, both follow the […]
Real-time PCR fluorescence detection systems
Real-time PCR fluorescence detection systems Real-time fluorescent PCR chemistries Many real-time fluorescent PCR chemistries exist, […]
Real-time PCR analysis technology
BaselineThe baseline of the real-time PCR reaction refers to the signal level during the initial […]
Real-time PCR primer design
Good primer design is one of the most important parameters in real-time PCR. This is […]
REAL-TIME PCR COMPONENTS
DNA polymerasePCR performance is often related to the thermostable DNA polymerase, so enzyme selection is […]
STEPS INVOLVED IN PERFORMING REAL-TIME PCR
Real-time PCR is a variation of the standard PCR technique that is commonly used to […]
INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT PCR)
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most powerful technologies in molecular biology. […]
HOW TO DESIGN PRIMERS FOR YOUR PCR EXPERIMENT
Primers are short stretches of DNA that target unique sequences of a DNA molecule and […]
STEPS INVOLVED IN TRANSFORMING BACTERIAL CELLS
There are different types of steps involved in the transformation of a bacterial cell in […]
GENE CLONING
Cloning is a molecular biology technique which is used to make millions of copies of […]
MUTAGENESIS
Mutagenesis is the careful alteration of the genetic information of an organism’s genome in such […]
MUTATION
Mutation is a change in the genetic make-up (or DNA) of an organism.It is an […]
APPLICATIONS OF MUTAGENESIS
Recombinant DNA technology and the use of synthetic DNA molecules make it possible for […]
MUTAGENS
Mutagens are biological, physical or chemical agents that change the genetic materials (inclusive of DNA […]
PCR TECHNIQUE
PCR is the acronym for “polymerase chain reaction”. Polymerase chain reaction is the molecular biology […]
ENZYMES USED IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES
Restriction endonucleases are DNA cutting enzymes specifically found and isolated from bacteria; and which nick […]
Bacterial Transformation (The Transforming Principle)
Fredrick Griffith showed in 1928 that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material of the […]
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
An understanding of the nucleic acid molecules which include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid […]
PROTEIN STRUCTURE – types and function
Proteins are a group of polypeptides that form a molecule of specific biological function; and […]
PURINES & PYRIMIDINES
Purines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consist of a pyrimidine ring fused to an […]
NUCLEOTIDES
Nucleotides are nucleosides with one or more phosphate groups covalently attached to the 3′ or […]
THERMOCYCLER (PCR Machine)
Thermocycler or thermal cycler is a piece of equipment is used for the copying or […]
GENOMIC DNA ISOLATION
The Isolation of Genomic DNA from the bacterium, Escherichia coli is explained in this section […]
WAYS TO SEPARATE DNA FROM OTHER CELLULAR MATERIALS: BINDING AND WASHING
When phenol or a mixture of phenol:chloroform is mixed with a cell Lysate, two phases […]
TYPES OF SOLID SUPPORT FOR BINDING DNA
The types of solid support for binding DNA are as follows: 1. Silica Matrix Silica […]
Assessing RNA Purity, Concentration and Integrity
The integrity, purity and concentration of the RNA so isolated should be confirmed before proceeding […]
TOOLS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology uses the tools of molecular biology (i.e. genetic engineering) to produce novel products through […]
DNA REPLICATION
DNA replication is simply defined as the genetic process of duplicating the genome of a […]
STEPS OF PERFORMING GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Gel electrophoresis is one type of electrophoresis technique, and its procedure is highlighted below. The […]
CENTRAL DOGMA (FRAMEWORK) OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
The central framework of molecular biology otherwise known as the “central dogma” is the starting […]
GENOMIC DNA
Genomic DNA is a double helix structure that is composed of several components including purines […]
Overview of Molecular Biology
Molecular biology is the study of the genetic makeup of organisms at the level of […]
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS TECHNIQUE
The term “electrophoresis” refers to the movement of a solid particle (e.g. nucleic acids) through […]
Introduction to Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology / Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology or genetic engineering is the in vitro controlled manipulation of nucleic […]