Biotechnology

Features of probiotics & reported modes of action of probiotics

Microorganisms must meet stringent criteria to be used as probiotics, including being non-pathogenic, non-toxic, and able to survive stomach acid and pancreatic secretions. Probiotics confer health benefits such as enhancing the immune system, producing vitamins, preventing GI infections, and aiding in lactose digestion, potentially treating conditions like IBS and eczema.

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Biotechnology, Food Microbiology, ,

DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE FERMENTER

A fermenter or bioreactor is simply defined as an apparatus that maintains optimal conditions for the optimum growth of microorganisms used in large-scale fermentation and in the commercial production of economically useful products. Fermenter can also mean fermentation vessel (i.e. an apparatus in which microbes including bacteria, yeasts and moulds causes fermentation to take place).

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STRAIN IMPROVEMENT

STRAIN IMPROVEMENT Strain improvement is defined as the process of improving the production and yielding capacity of a microorganism through certain (deliberate) technological, microbiological, biotechnological, or biochemical process. Microorganisms of industrial importance must possess some certain qualities– which will determine their usage for industrial productions. After their isolation from their natural habitat or environment, the

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Biotechnology, Industrial Microbiology,

Melting curve analysis in Real-time PCR

Melting curve analysis and detection systems Melting curve analysis can only be performed with realtime PCR detection technologies in which the fluorophore remains associated with the amplicon. Amplifications that have used SYBR® Green I or SYBR® GreenER™ dye can be subjected to melting curve analysis. Dual-labeled probe detection systems such as TaqMan® probes are not

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Real-time PCR probes

TaqMan® probe signal production Whether an MGB or non-MGB probe is chosen, both follow the same pattern for signal production. In the early PCR cycles, only the low, quenched reporter signal is detected. This early signal, automatically subtracted to zero in the real-time PCR software, is termed “baseline”. If the sample contains a target, eventually

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Real-time PCR fluorescence detection systems

Real-time PCR fluorescence detection systems Real-time fluorescent PCR chemistries Many real-time fluorescent PCR chemistries exist, but the most widely used are 5” nuclease assays such as TaqMan®Assays and SYBR® Green dye–based assays (Figure 1). The 5” nuclease assay is named for the 5” nuclease activityassociated with Taq DNA polymerase (Figure 2). The 5” nuclease domain

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Real-time PCR analysis technology

BaselineThe baseline of the real-time PCR reaction refers to the signal level during the initial cycles of PCR, usually cycles 3 to 15, in which there is little change in fluorescent signal. The low-level signal of the baseline can be equated to the background or the “noise” of the reaction (Figure 1). The baseline in

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Real-time PCR primer design

Good primer design is one of the most important parameters in real-time PCR. This is why many researchers choose to purchase TaqMan® Assay products—primers and probes for real-time PCR designed using a proven algorithm and trusted by scientists around the world. If you choose to design your own real-time PCR primers, keep in mind that

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INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT PCR)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most powerful technologies in molecular biology. Using PCR, specific sequences within a DNA or complementary DNA (cDNA) template can be copied, or “amplified”, many thousand- to a million-fold using sequence-specific oligonucleotides (or primers), heat-stable DNA polymerase, and thermal cycling. In traditional (endpoint) PCR, detection and quantification

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HOW TO DESIGN PRIMERS FOR YOUR PCR EXPERIMENT

Primers are short stretches of DNA that target unique sequences of a DNA molecule and help identify a unique part of a genome or a gene to be copied further. They are usually 18 to 25 nucleotides long. Primers can be synthesized and used for your PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and other molecular biology experiment

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