Mosquito species including those of Anopheles carry out effective breeding and survival in freshwaters (i.e. waters with low salinity) than in salt waters (i.e. waters with high salinity). If the water in which the mosquito lays its eggs has high salt concentration (too saline), the larva and pupa stage of the mosquito cannot survive and […]
LIFE CYCLE OF MOSQUITO Read More »
Public Health & Parasitic Diseases (Parasitology)
Malaria in humans is majorly caused by four (4) species of Plasmodium. Plasmodium species are in the Phylum Alveolata, Subphylum Apicomplexa, Class Haematozoa,Order Haemosporida, and Genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium parasite is naturally transmitted to susceptible human hosts from an insect vector called female Anopheles mosquito. The 4 major and well known infectious species of Plasmodium that
HUMAN PLASMODIUM SPECIES: causative agents of malaria Read More »
Public Health & Parasitic Diseases (Parasitology)
Sterile pharmaceutical products are defined as sensitive pharmaceutical products that should be free from living micro-organisms, pyrogens and unacceptable particulate matter including contaminants during and after their production. Parenteral products are typical examples of sterile pharmaceutical products; and they are radically different from other dosage form in terms of standards of purity and safety. Some pharmaceutical
Sterile & Non-Sterile Pharmaceutical Products Read More »
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Trichinellosis or trichinosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by tissue nematodes or roundworms after the ingestion of contaminated meat (e.g. undercooked or raw pork meat) containing the encysted larva of the parasite. The disease is also common in pigs, rats and other domestic and wild animals; and the causative agent of trichinosis is known
Paragonimiasis or lung-fluke infection is a protozoan lung disease that resembles bacterial tuberculosis in humans; and it is caused by trematodes or flukes. It is a lung-fluke disease that has a worldwide distribution but more prevalent in parts of Asia including China, Taiwan, Indonesia and Japan. The disease has also been reported in some parts
Dracunculiasis is a crippling parasitic disease that is caused by a tissue nematode (roundworm) which is usually found in the subcutaneous tissue of infected humans. It is also known as guinea worm ulcer disease because the disease causes ulcer or boil on the skin of infected human hosts. The roundworm starts to emerge from the
Antibiotic resistance knows no border of any country since there is free movement of both people and trade between one continent and another, which can serve as a route for the spread of a resistant pathogen. The high-speed and ingenuity of microbes in developing resistance to available drugs (or antibiotics) is not balanced with the
CONTROL OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Read More »
Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Antimicrobial agents (antibiotics in particular) have helped countless numbers of people worldwide owing to their invaluable role in fighting microbial related infections/diseases; but the effectiveness of these agents and their usefulness for therapy is gradually being tested and deteriorated by the emergence and spread of drug-resistant forms of pathogenic microorganisms that has extended across the
Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem that bedevils our health sector and threatens our ability to effectively treat some infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of microbes to grow in the presence of a chemical agent or drug that would normally kill it or limit its growth. Antibiotic resistance can spread to humans from
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ANTIBIOTIC (ANTIMICROBIAL) RESISTANCE Read More »
Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Pharmaceutical Microbiology
An antibiotic has to go through a number of steps in order to exert its antibacterial action in vivo. They have to come into contact with the host taking them before ever their antibacterial and/or antimicrobial properties can be dissipated especially in the aspect of treating and abating a given disease condition or process. To
SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF ACQUIRING RESISTANCE BY BACTERIA/MICROBIAL PATHOGENS Read More »
Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Pharmaceutical Microbiology