Pharmaceutical Microbiology

BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Antimicrobial agents, particularly antibiotics are the most significant class of pharmaceuticals and are one of the most influential medical inventions of the twentieth century. They have undeniably been a boon to human society in the fight against bacteria, saving millions of lives. Nonetheless, the number of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is increasing across […]

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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, , ,

Sterile & Non-Sterile Pharmaceutical Products

Sterile pharmaceutical products are defined as sensitive pharmaceutical products that should be free from living micro-organisms, pyrogens and unacceptable particulate matter including contaminants during and after their production. Parenteral products are typical examples of sterile pharmaceutical products; and they are radically different from other dosage form in terms of standards of purity and safety. Some pharmaceutical

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Pharmaceutical Microbiology, , ,

CONTROL OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Antibiotic resistance knows no border of any country since there is free movement of both people and trade between one continent and another, which can serve as a route for the spread of a resistant pathogen. The high-speed and ingenuity of microbes in developing resistance to available drugs (or antibiotics) is not balanced with the

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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Pharmaceutical Microbiology

IMPACT AND COST OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ECONOMY OF A NATION

Antimicrobial agents (antibiotics in particular) have helped countless numbers of people worldwide owing to their invaluable role in fighting microbial related infections/diseases; but the effectiveness of these agents and their usefulness for therapy is gradually being tested and deteriorated by the emergence and spread of drug-resistant forms of pathogenic microorganisms that has extended across the

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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Pharmaceutical Microbiology,

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ANTIBIOTIC (ANTIMICROBIAL) RESISTANCE

Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem that bedevils our health sector and threatens our ability to effectively treat some infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of microbes to grow in the presence of a chemical agent or drug that would normally kill it or limit its growth. Antibiotic resistance can spread to humans from

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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Pharmaceutical Microbiology,

SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF ACQUIRING RESISTANCE BY BACTERIA/MICROBIAL PATHOGENS

An antibiotic has to go through a number of steps in order to exert its antibacterial action in vivo. They have to come into contact with the host taking them before ever their antibacterial and/or antimicrobial properties can be dissipated especially in the aspect of treating and abating a given disease condition or process. To

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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, , , , ,

MODE (MECHANISMS) OF TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE GENES

Antibiotic resistant bacteria owe their drug insensitivity and ingenuity in developing resistance against our therapeutic regimens to resistance genes which they harbor or possess. These resistance genes can either be inherently (naturally) part of the organism’s physiology or it can as well be acquired from other resistant organisms in their environment. It is these resistance

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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, , ,

ANTIMICROBIAL (ANTIBIOTIC) RESISTANCE: definition, selective pressure and clonal selection

Antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a phenomenon that occurs when bacteria are not killed or inhibited by usually achievable systemic concentration of an antibiotic (drug) with normal dosage schedule and/or fall in the minimum inhibitory concentration ranges of the drug in question. It is the ability of bacteria to resist the killing or inhibitory

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Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, , , ,

TYPES OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

The resistance of a microbial cell to the potent action of antimicrobial agents or antibiotics can either be innate or acquired. In innate (natural) resistance for example, the microorganisms are naturally resistant to a particular antibiotic. This usually occurs in microbes that lack target sites for the binding of the antibiotic. But in acquired resistance,

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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Pharmaceutical Microbiology, , ,

Chromatic Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) agar

Chromatic VRE is a selective and differential chromogenic medium used for the qualitative and presumptive detection of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci directly from clinical samples. This medium is intended as an aid in the detection of the following bacteria: Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium with acquired vancomycin resistance. Chromatic VRE agar is not intended to diagnose infection or

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Culture media, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, ,