Laminar flow cabinet (hood) The laminar flow biological safety cabinet which can also be called hood or cell culture hood is one of the most important equipment in the cell (tissue) culture laboratory. This piece of equipment helps to provide sterile environment to work with cells without any fear of contamination. It is a filtration […]
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Cell Culture Notes
Beta-lactamases are enzymes secreted by both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and which have the ability to hydrolyze (breakdown) beta-lactam antibiotics. Beta-lactamases are responsible for bacterial resistance to broad class of-beta-lactam antibiotics, including the penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. They provide antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria by breaking the antibiotic structure, thereby leaving a molecule
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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram, Pharmaceutical Microbiology
The introduction of antibiotics into clinical medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases heralded an era of one of the most significant breakthrough in medicine – since most infectious diseases that caused morbidity and mortality in the human race was drastically reduced and contained with antibiotics (the magic bullets). Particularly, penicillin was the first antibiotic
MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA (MDRB) Read More »
Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram, Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Malaria is increasing at a worrying rate compared to the other blood and tissue parasitic infections. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), malaria accounts for one of the most causes of death due to infectious diseases worldwide, and the malady affects an estimated 350 million people around the globe with over a million people
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Public Health & Parasitic Diseases (Parasitology)
Environmental factors greatly enhances the spread and transmission of malaria because these climatic factors which are more prone in one part of the world than the other helps the female Anopheles mosquito (that harbours the Plasmodium parasite) to thrive and multiply successfully. The spread of malaria infection in a given population is controlled and affected
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Public Health & Parasitic Diseases (Parasitology)
Mutagenesis is the careful alteration of the genetic information of an organism’s genome in such a way that it will result in a mutation. It is the creation of genetic change in the DNA of an organism and, which will result in the production of a population of cells with an entirely new genetic make-up.
Mutation is a change in the genetic make-up (or DNA) of an organism.It is an inheritable alteration in the nucleotide sequence (or genome base sequence) of a living organism. Mutation can occur in both plant and animal cells, and it can be spontaneous (i.e. natural), prompted (or artificial), or adaptive in nature. When mutation occurs,
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Aminoglycosides are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis like the tetracyclines, and they also bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome. Other examples of aminoglycosides include kanamycin, tobramycin, netilmicin, spectinomycin, amikacin, neomycin and streptomycin. Streptomycin (which is naturally synthesized by the actinomycetes bacterium, Streptomyces griseus)is a unique aminoglycoside
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is derived from the earlier quinolones. Nalidixic acid is a typical example of a quinolone; and both the quinolones and fluoroquinolones are bacterial DNA replication inhibitors. But antibiotics in the fluoroquinolone family have broader activity than the quinolones. Other examples of fluoroquinolones include ofloxacin, norfloxacin, sparfloxacin, lomefloxacin and levofloxacin.
Antimicrobial susceptibility tests are used to determine which specific antibiotics or antimicrobial agents a particular pathogenic bacterium or fungus is sensitive to; and susceptibility tests can guide the physician in drug choice and dosage especially for difficult-to-treat infections. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests or studies are commonly reported as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC),
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram, Pharmaceutical Microbiology