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MICROBIAL COUNT: Total Count & Viable Count

Viable cell count: Viable cell count gives an estimate of the total number of living cells present in a given volume of a sample. Viable cell count can be determined by automated machines and with the use of counting chambers such as the haemocytometer (Figure 1) in the microbiology laboratory. Haemocytometers are routinely used in […]

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Microbe Lab, Microbial Physiology & Metabolism, Techniques in Microbiology Labbacterial cell numbers, cell mass, enumerating bacterial cell numbers, enumeration, haemocytometer, hemocytometer, OD, OD value, Optical density, total count, turbidimetry., turbidometry, viable count

CENTRAL DOGMA (FRAMEWORK) OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

DrChika

The central framework of molecular biology otherwise known as the “central dogma” is the starting point for the actual course of movement of genetic information within the cell’s nucleus of an organism. The transfer of genetic information within the cell of an organism (i.e. in the nucleus) from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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Biotechnology, Molecular Microbiologycentral dogma of molecular biology, CENTRAL FRAMEWORK OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, chromosome, DNA, genes, molecular biology, RNA, transcription, translation

SHAPES / MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA

DrChika

All bacterial cells are extremely infinitesimal (i.e. microscopic), and are never visible to the naked eyes. Bacteria exist in different sizes and shapes which may range from 0.1 µm to 0.3 µm wide and 1 µm to 10 µm in length depending on whether they are rod or spherical in shape (Figure 1). Bacteria occur

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Bacteriologybacilli, Bacillus, bacteria, cocci, MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA, rod, rod shaped bacteria, SHAPES OF BACTERIA

MICROBIAL METABOLITES: Primary Metabolites & Secondary Metabolites

DrChika

Microbial metabolites are metabolic intermediate molecules synthesized by microorganisms during and after their growth. They are the metabolic intermediates of the biosynthetic and degradative pathways of microorganisms Microbes synthesize metabolites or metabolic intermediates at an increasing rate; and these metabolites are usually harvested or recovered by industrial processes usually at the end of the fermentation

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Biotechnology, Industrial Microbiologyfermentation, MICROBIAL METABOLITES, primary metabolites, secondary metabolites

SLIDE RACK & STAINING RACK

DrChika

Slide rack is a piece of vessel used for packing and storing clean glass slides after they have been used for staining. After staining, it is important to wash the glass slides with soap/detergents under running water. The washed glass slides are carefully inserted into the slide rack (Figure 1) where the excess water on

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Microbe Lab, Techniques in Microbiology LabSLIDE RACK, staining, STAINING RACK, STAINING TECHNIQUE

PETRI DISHES

DrChika

Petri dishes are shallow glass or plastic plates that are cylindrical in shape, and which are used to cultivate microorganisms in the microbiology laboratory. Glass Petri dishes are heat-stable and can be sterilized in the autoclave and re-used over a long period of time. But plastic Petri dishes (disposable) cannot be re-used or autoclaved because

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Culture media, Microbe Lab, Techniques in Microbiology Labculture, culture media, culture media plate, PETRI DISHES

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

DrChika

Anaerobic digestion is simply defined as the anaerobic breakdown of complex materials of animal or plant origin to simpler substances by microbes. It is the process in which complex organic matter are completely degraded to a mixture of solid and gaseous end products in the absence of oxygen and with the help of a diverse

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Environmental & Soil Microbiology, Industrial MicrobiologyANAEROBIC DIGESTION, environmental microbiology, methanogenesis

PHENOTYPIC DETECTION METHODS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) IN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

DrChika

The expression “phenotypic” is from the word phenotype, which means “the observable characteristics of an organism”. It describes the physical features of an organism in terms of its morphology, motility, colour and shape amongst other noticeable attributes that are typical to a particular organism. Thus, the phenotypic detection and characterization of antimicrobial resistant genes in

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram, Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyAMR, antibiotic resistance, PHENOTYPIC DETECTION METHODS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR) IN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, phenotypic tests

OTHER BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS AND NON-BETA-LACTAMS THAT INTERFERE WITH CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

DrChika

Aside penicillins and cephalosporins, other beta-lactam antibiotics used for clinical applications also exist. These beta-lactam antibiotics have expanded antibacterial activity, and they are often used to treat infections caused by bacterial pathogens that are resistant to the penicillins and cephalosporins. Antibiotics in this category are generally cell wall synthesis inhibitors, and they possess similar mechanisms

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Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Antimicrobial Agents & Antibioticsbacitracin, bet alactams, carbapenems, cell wall inhibitors, cephamycins, glycopeptides, monobactam

PREREQUISITES OR STEPS FOR GENE THERAPY

DrChika

Gene therapy is an experimental discipline or research that uses functional gene (i.e. therapeutic DNA) to repair defective genes in genetic disease patients; and this growing field of molecular medicine is usually undertaken using modified nucleic acid molecules through a series of steps. Conventional medicine utilizes oral and parenteral drug administration as well as surgery

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Gene Therapy Notesgene, gene therapy, PREREQUISITES OR STEPS FOR GENE THERAPY, steps of gene therapy