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Overview of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) / Antibiogram

When a pathogenic microorganism is isolated from the specimen of a patient, the clinical microbiology laboratory will often carry out in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing (antibiogram) on the isolated pathogen in order to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the microbe to a range of antibiotics/drugs using antibiotic susceptibility disks, so that treatment can be […]

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram, Microbe LabAntibiogram, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, AST, sensitivity test, susceptibility testing

CEPHALOSPORINS

DrChika

Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics that are penicillinase-resistant, and with related mode of action to the penicillins. Drugs in this category are clinical substitutes for penicillins due to the development of resistance to the later by pathogenic bacteria. Cephalosporins are classified into four (4) generations based on their spectrum of activity, side chain modifications and clinical

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Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Microbiologybeta lactam agents, beta lactams, cell wall inhibitors, cephalosporin, cephalosporins, fifteh generation cephalosporin, first generation cephalosporin, fourth generation cephalosporin, second generation cephalosporin, third generation cephalosporin

PENICILLINS

DrChika

Penicillins are beta-lactam drugs that inhibit the cross-linking of N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) required for the formation of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells. They are generally bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitors. Penicillin, the first member of the penicillins is a general purpose antibiotic used in clinical medicine even till date. They specifically

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Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Microbiologybeta lactam, beta lactam agents, cell wall inhibitors, murein, penicillin, penicillins, Penicillium, Penicillium notatum, peptidoglycan

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS BASED ON SPECTRUM AND MECHANISM OF ACTION

DrChika

Antibiotics can also be classified into different categories depending on their mode of action and/or spectrum of activity. BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS Beta-lactam antibiotics are group of naturally-synthesized antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of cell wall in bacteria. Some later beta-lactam drugs such as methicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin amongst others are synthesized by chemical processes. Beta-lactam drugs

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Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Microbiologyaminoglycosides, antimetabolites, beta lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, quinolones, sulphonamides, tetracycline

ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS

DrChika

Antibacterial agents are specifically chemical agents that kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. They are generally known as antibiotics. Antibiotics are complex chemical and natural substances that are secreted by some group of microorganisms (especially fungi, protozoa and bacteria), and which have the ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of other

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Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Microbiology

SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

DrChika

The growth of pathogenic microorganisms is usually accompanied by the synthesis of new molecules including DNA, RNA and proteins. Microorganisms also acquire nutrient molecules from their surrounding environment or growth medium as their cells multiply and divide either in vivo or in vitro. Every drug has particular target site on pathogenic microorganisms when administered; and

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Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Microbiologyantibiotics, antimicrobial agents, bactericidal agents, bacteriostatic agents, broad spectrum drugs, cidal, narrow spectrum drugs, selective toxicity, spectrum of activity, static, therapeutic index

Overview of antimicrobial agents (antibiotics)

DrChika

Ever since their discovery some decadesago, antimicrobial agents particularly antibiotics have saved mankind from the morbidity and mortality of innumerable infectious diseases and/or pathogenic agents even till date. Irrespective of the fact that pathogenic microorganisms have developed resistance genes or traits that allow them to dodge the antimicrobial onslaught of these agents or drugs, antimicrobial

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Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Microbiologyantibacterial agents, antibiotics, antifungal agents, antimicrobial agents, antiprotozoal agents, antiviral agents, chemotherapeutic agents, drugs

HISTORY OF GENE THERAPY

DrChika

The history of gene therapy techniques dates back to the early 1970s and 1980s when scientists (molecular biologists in particular) proposed the idea of using functional and therapeutic gene as medicines to treat genetic disorders in man. Though the idea received little support as at the time, gene therapy techniques is still in its experimental

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Gene Therapy Notesgene, gene therapy, gene therapy techniques, genetic diseases, genetic disorders, HISTORY OF GENE THERAPY

GENE THERAPY

DrChika

Gene therapy is defined as the specific genetic manipulation and modification of an organism’s genome or genes through the delivery of therapeutic DNA or genes into host cells with little or no toxicity as a way of treating an inherited genetic disease or correcting a disorderly gene. Gene therapy techniques are basically used to correct

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Gene Therapy Notesex vivo gene therapy, gene, gene therapy, gene therapy techniques, genetic diseases, genetic disorders, human genome project, in vivo gene therapy

NITROGENOUS BASES – Purine and Pyrimidines

DrChika

Genes in the DNA code for proteins; and it is the gene that directs the cell in what particular order to assemble the amino acids which eventually becomes the building blocks of protein molecules. The cell of an organism must use one nucleotide or more in the DNA to spell out or specify each of

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Biotechnology, Gene Therapy Notesadenine, cytosine, essential amino acids, gene therapy, genetic code, guanine, NITROGENOUS BASES, purine, pyrimidines, thymine, uracil