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CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS BASED ON HAZARDS AND LABORATORY

Pathogenic microorganisms inclusive of viruses, bacteria, and fungi portends health challenges to the general public and healthcare workers or laboratory personnel’s working with these organisms if the proper precautionary measures are not followed in the handling of these microbes. The extensive use of these organisms in research settings or hospital laboratories should be done within […]

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Laboratory Biosafety, Microbe Lab, Safety tips in Microbiology Lab, Techniques in Microbiology Labbiosafety level 1, biosafety level 3, biosafety level 4, CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS BASED ON HAZARDS, CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS BASED ON HAZARDS AND LABORATORY, CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS BASED ON LABORATORY

IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS

DrChika

Microorganisms are studied for diverse reasons. These microscopic forms of life play tremendous significant roles in the natural environment. They are ubiquitously found in all environments including aquatic, terrestrial and arboreal habitats as well as in hot springs and icebergs where life rarely exists. Microorganisms harbour many beneficial qualities, and these features of theirs have

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General Microbiologyapplications OF MICROORGANISMS, importance of microorganisms

IMMUNOGLOBULIN D (IgD)

DrChika

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an antibody with the basic four polypeptide structure of an immunoglobulin (Figure 1); and IgD is mostly found attached to the membranes of B cell. IgD is a membrane bound immunoglobulin, and it has a molecular weight (MW) of about 180, 000 DA. Immunoglobulin D is present in only trace amounts

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Immunology & Immune SystemIgD, IMMUNOGLOBULIN D, IMMUNOGLOBULIN D (IgD)

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG)

DrChika

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a monomeric antibody and the most predominant immunoglobulin in secondary (memory) immune response to an invading antigen. It accounts for about 80 % of the total immunoglobulin pool in blood serum or plasma and tissue fluids. IgG unlike other immunoglobulins crosses the placental barrier, and thus it provides the neonate or

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Immunology & Immune SystemIgG, IMMUNOGLOBULIN G

IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE)

DrChika

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody that is known to bind to host tissue cells (e.g. mast cells), and it is largely responsible for most hypersensitivity reactions (i.e. allergy) in the body. Some of the symptoms of the allergic reactions mediated by IgE response to the invasion of antigens include anaphylactic shock, hay fever and

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Immunology & Immune SystemIgE, IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE)

IMMUNOGLOBULIN M (IgM)

DrChika

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an antibody that mainly exist as a pentamer i.e. it consists of five different monomeric units joined together by disulphide bonds and a joining (J) chain (Figure 1). The function of the J chain in the IgM structure is to help in the polymerization of the individual monomeric units that makeup

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Immunology & Immune SystemIgM, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M (IgM)

COLOSTRUM

DrChika

Colostrum is the first secretion of the mammary gland (breast) produced before proper lactation commences in a nursing mother. It is the first breast milk produced from the mammary gland or breast of a woman after giving birth to a baby. It is a major source of passive immunity transferred from mother to the newborn

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Immunology & Immune SystemCOLOSTRUM, secretary immunoglobulin A, sIgA

IMMUNOGLOBULIN A (IgA)

DrChika

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody found in serum (as a monomer of about 150,000 Daltons) and in body secretions (as a dimer of about 600,000 Daltons); and it is mainly produced in the body by mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Though it mainly exists as a monomer and dimer (Figure 1) IgA can also

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Immunology & Immune SystemIgA, IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, IMMUNOGLOBULIN A (IgA)

TYPES OF ANTIBODIES

DrChika

Immunoglobulins do not actually kill or eliminate pathogenic microorganisms or antigens from the body. The role of antibodies during an infection is to bind specifically to invading pathogens so that the antigen-antibody complex so formed can be made readily available for other immune system action such as opsonization, phagocytosis, neutralization or complement fixation which ultimately

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Immunology & Immune Systemantibodies, Ig, immunoglobulins, types of antibodies

ANTIBODIES (Immunoglobulins)

DrChika

Antibodies are soluble protein molecules produced by the B cells of the immune system in response to a specific antigen. They are antigen recognition molecules; and antibodies generally recognize and bind to specific antigens. The term antibodies is used synonymously with immunoglobulins (Ig). Antibodies are glycoproteins that are produced by B cells (specifically plasma cells)

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Immunology & Immune Systemantibodies, ANTIBODIES (Immunoglobulins), immunoglobulins