Antibiogram & Interpretative Standards for Antibiotic (Antibacterial) Disks used for Susceptibility Studies

Antimicrobial Agents /Microorganisms  Disk Code  Disk Potency (µg)   Resistant   Intermediate   Susceptible Amikacin Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa Acinetobacter spp, Staphylococcus spp     AK 30     ≤14 15-16 ≥17 Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid EnterobacteriaceaeStaphylococcus spp     Haemophilus spp AMC 20/10 ≤13 ≤19 ≤19   14-17 — —   ≥18 ≥20 ≥20 Ampicillin Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrio cholerae Staphylococcus spp    […]

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) & Antibiogram, , , , , , , ,

MICROBIOLOGY OF LANDFILLS

Untreated municipal solid wastes cause several environmental and health problems including the release of methane gas that contribute to greenhouse effect and the contamination of groundwater by the leachate released from the landfill sites. Leachate is the fluid portion of municipal solid wastes that squeezes out from the dumpsites and finds its way into groundwater

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Environmental & Soil Microbiology, ,

ERYTHROMYCIN

Erythromycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome. It is found in the family of antibiotics known as the macrolides; and antibiotics in this group are generally protein synthesis inhibitors. Other macrolides include azithromycin and clarithromycin. Lincomycin and clindamycin are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in

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Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, , , , ,

GENE THERAPY TARGETING AND DELIVERY

The efficient delivery of therapeutic proteins or DNA into specific cells or tissues of an organism to correct a mutant gene is paramount to the success of any gene therapy procedure; and the inserted therapeutic DNA or desired gene must be continuously expressed in vivo at appropriate physiological level in order to correct the mutated

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Gene Therapy Notes, , , ,

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon that occurs when bacteria are not killed or inhibited by usually achievable systemic concentration of an antibiotic (drug) with normal dosage schedule and/or fall in the minimum inhibitory concentration ranges of the drug in question. It occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of

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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), , , , ,

CHARACTERISTICS/FEATURES OF ANTIBIOTICS

Antibiotics including antibacterial agents, antiviral agents, antiprotozoal agents, and antifungal agents have some specific characteristics that distinguish them from other antimicrobial agents that are used for the treatment of microbial infections as well as in the control of microbes on inanimate surfaces. Some of these features are highlighted in this unit. References Ashutosh Kar (2008).

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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics, , ,

STEPS OF PERFORMING GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Gel electrophoresis is one type of electrophoresis technique, and its procedure is highlighted below. The following materials and steps and steps are employed in gel electrophoresis technique:  In some agarose gel experimentation, ethidium bromide (EtBr) solution is added alongside the DNA solution to be analyzed. However, the EtBr is usually added to the prepared gel

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Biotechnology, Molecular Microbiology, , , ,

MALARIA

Malaria is an insect-transmitted parasitic disease characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and anaemia (loss of blood) in some cases caused by the Plasmodium species which is usually transmitted between mammals through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. It is a disease condition in human beings whereby there is an abnormally high body temperature

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Public Health & Parasitic Diseases (Parasitology), , ,

Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Test

The LAL test is applied in the testing of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, water, food, and air because of its high sensitivity and specificity for endotoxins of Gram negative bacteria. LAL test is used for the quality control of pharmaceutical/medical parenteral preparations. The observation that the haemolymph (blood)of the Horseshoe crab can form clot in the

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Food Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, , , , , , , , , ,

REASONS FOR DOING CELL CULTURE

Why is cell, tissue or organ culture embarked upon despite the ethical issues surrounding its development, acceptance and usage? Cell culture has application in a variety of biomedical sciences and even in the industry. It has become one of the major tools used in the life sciences world over. Its application has greatly revolutionized the

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Cell Culture Notes, ,