DNA replication is simply defined as the genetic process of duplicating the genome of a cell. It is an important process that goes on in the cell of every organism each time the organism undergoes reproduction; and DNA replication is a cellular process that occurs in a number of steps. DNA replication generally coordinates the […]
To establish an infectious disease, a disease agent (including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa) must first come in contact with a susceptible human host. This phase is called contact or encounter. Humans first encounter with microorganisms starts immediately after birth (period in which the newborn begin to build up its own normal flora) but as
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Bacteriology
The phrase fermentation is derived from the Latin word “fevere” – which means “to boil”. It was first coined and used by Louis Pasteur – who used it to describe the bubbling of sugar solutions especially due to the microbial activity occurring in them. The bubbling action of the sugar (a substrate) was due to
Bunsen burner is practically a tube or hosepipe that is connected directly to a steady supply of flammable gas contained in a gas cylinder. It is primarily used to achieve aseptic technique in the microbiology laboratory. Usually, a blue flame from the Bunsen burner is used to sterilize the mouth of glass wares, needles, inoculating
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Techniques in Microbiology Lab
Antimicrobial Agents /Microorganisms Disk Code Disk Potency (µg) Resistant Intermediate Susceptible Amikacin Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa Acinetobacter spp, Staphylococcus spp AK 30 ≤14 15-16 ≥17 Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid EnterobacteriaceaeStaphylococcus spp Haemophilus spp AMC 20/10 ≤13 ≤19 ≤19 14-17 — — ≥18 ≥20 ≥20 Ampicillin Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrio cholerae Staphylococcus spp
Untreated municipal solid wastes cause several environmental and health problems including the release of methane gas that contribute to greenhouse effect and the contamination of groundwater by the leachate released from the landfill sites. Leachate is the fluid portion of municipal solid wastes that squeezes out from the dumpsites and finds its way into groundwater
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Environmental & Soil Microbiology
Erythromycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor that binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial ribosome. It is found in the family of antibiotics known as the macrolides; and antibiotics in this group are generally protein synthesis inhibitors. Other macrolides include azithromycin and clarithromycin. Lincomycin and clindamycin are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in
The efficient delivery of therapeutic proteins or DNA into specific cells or tissues of an organism to correct a mutant gene is paramount to the success of any gene therapy procedure; and the inserted therapeutic DNA or desired gene must be continuously expressed in vivo at appropriate physiological level in order to correct the mutated
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Gene Therapy Notes
Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon that occurs when bacteria are not killed or inhibited by usually achievable systemic concentration of an antibiotic (drug) with normal dosage schedule and/or fall in the minimum inhibitory concentration ranges of the drug in question. It occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of
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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Antibiotics including antibacterial agents, antiviral agents, antiprotozoal agents, and antifungal agents have some specific characteristics that distinguish them from other antimicrobial agents that are used for the treatment of microbial infections as well as in the control of microbes on inanimate surfaces. Some of these features are highlighted in this unit. References Ashutosh Kar (2008).
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Antibiotic Resistance / Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), Antimicrobial Agents & Antibiotics