Therapeutic drugs are administered in various ways, and these include parenteral and oral administration. Other routes of drug administration include: Parenteral and oral drug administrations are the two major routes of drug administration. Parenteral drugs refer to therapeutic agents that are not given through the mouth (i.e. orally) but via injections. In parenteral drug administration, […]
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Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Pharmacokinetics is simply the study of how the body reacts to therapeutic agents or drugs over a period of time. It investigates what a therapeutic agent or drug does to the body after being administered. The pharmacokinetics of a particular drug describes alterations in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and the elimination or excretion of the
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Pharmaceutical Microbiology
To be clinically effective for the treatment of infectious diseases, every drug must reach a certain level of bioavailability in vivo; and this is critical because drugs contain other constituents aside the actual portion of the medicine which is necessary to express antimicrobial action in the recipient host. The bioavailability of a drug is the
Water quality is defined as the suitability of water to sustain various uses or processes without causing any untoward effect to its users. Several human and natural factors influences the quality of water available for many industrial and domestic applications; and thus it is vital to continuously monitor water for various uses and processes –
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Environmental & Soil Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Active air monitoring also involve the use of settle plates or sedimentation culture plates (as is applicable in passive air sampling) and contact plates for the monitoring of air quality. It involves extracting a set volume of air within a given environment into a calibrated sampler which is then passed onto the surface on an
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Environmental & Soil Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Passive air monitoring is usually done using special type of Petri dish plates known as settle plates. These culture plates are standard Petri dishes (measuring about 90 mm in diameter) that containing appropriate culture media that are opened and exposed for a given time and then incubated to allow visible colonies to develop and be
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Environmental & Soil Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Air quality is defined as the degree to which the ambient air in a particular environment is pollution-free. It is a measurement of the amount of contaminants in the air; and it gives a description of the healthiness and safety of the atmosphere of a given area at a given time. The quality of air
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Environmental & Soil Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Microbiology
GMP encompasses the rules governing the manufacture of a safe and efficacious pharmaceutical product, drug or food. And it is critical that the personnel working in pharmaceutical and food companies abide by these rules to ensure quality and safety during and after production. Personnel working in pharmaceutical and/or food companies where drugs and food are
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Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Some of the main sources of contamination in the course of production in a food or pharmaceutical company, and the areas of good manufacturing practice (GMP) that centers on controlling all possible sources of microbial contamination of pharmaceutical and/or food products during manufacturing include but not limited to the control of air, raw materials, water,
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Pharmaceutical Microbiology
GMP guidelines are not prescriptive instructions on how to manufacture any product including food, drugs, and other pharmaceutical products. Rather, the GMPs are a series of general principles that must be observed during the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, drugs and food in order to ensure that only products of high quality and one which is free
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Pharmaceutical Microbiology