Biotechnology Archives - Page 4 of 6 - #1 Microbiology Resource Hub

CLASSIFICATION OF MUTATION BY THEIR EFFECTS ON THE DNA MOLECULE

Based on their effects on the structural integrity of the DNA molecule, mutations can be classified as substitution, insertion, deletion, inversion, reciprocal translocation and chromosomal rearrangements. SUBSTITUTION (BASE-PAIR SUBSTITUTION) Substitution literally means the act of replacing one thing with another. When base substitution as a type of mutation occurs during DNA replication, a single base […]

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BiotechnologyBASE-PAIR SUBSTITUTION, classification of mutation, frameshift mutation, insertion, mutation types, silent mutation

MUTATION: definition, types and causes

DrChika

The term mutation is derived from the Latin word “mutare” – which means “to change”. Thus, mutation is simply defined as the change in genetic makeup (genotype) of an organism which results in the transformation of the phenotype of the organism. Mutation is an inheritable change in the base sequence of the genome of an

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Biotechnologymutagenesis, mutagens, mutation

Molecular Manipulation of Microorganisms: significance and applications

DrChika

Microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, algae and viruses are important tools used for a wide variety of pharmaceutical and/or biotechnological processes including but not limited to drug and vaccine production, single cell protein production, production of probiotics and other therapeutic, cosmetic or pharmaceutical products. For effective and sustainable production of useful microbial by-products, microorganisms can be

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BiotechnologyGMOs, Molecular Manipulation of Microorganisms, mutagenesis, mutation, transgenic animals

LIPOSOMES: relevance & applications

DrChika

The phrase liposome is derived from two Greek words: Lipos which means “fat” and Soma which means “body”. Liposomes (also known as closed bilayer phospholipid systems) are artificial spherical vesicles that possess several or at least one lipid bilayer for the incorporation of an active agent such as a drug. They are often used as

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BiotechnologyLiposomal Encapsulation Technology, Liposomal Encapsulation Technology (LET), LIPOSOMES, LIPOSOMES: relevance & applications

SINGLE CELL PROTEINS

DrChika

Thepopulation of the world is increasing at an alarming rate, and this calls for sustainable ways of food processing and production in order to contain the current food scarcity in some parts of the world especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The big question is: “how can microorganisms help to feed the worlds teeming population?” Microorganisms have

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Biotechnology, Food Microbiology, Industrial MicrobiologyGRAS, SCPs, SINGLE CELL PROTEINS

Bacterial Transformation (The Transforming Principle)

DrChika

Fredrick Griffith showed in 1928 that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material of the cell. His work was unique because it was the first evidence that showed that DNA is the genetic material of the cell. Other scientists that also carried out experiments to establish that DNA is the genetic material include Oswald Avery,

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Biotechnology, Molecular Microbiologybacterial transformation, FREDRICK GRIFFITH’S EXPERIMENT, pneumococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, transforming principle

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

DrChika

An understanding of the nucleic acid molecules which include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) important for us to understand the molecular and/or genetic basis of life. Nucleic acid molecules are found in all living organisms as the carriers of genetic materials from parent organisms to their offspring’s. With the exception of viruses (which

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Biotechnology, Molecular Microbiologynucleic acid, RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA), RNA

PROTEIN STRUCTURE – types and function

DrChika

Proteins are a group of polypeptides that form a molecule of specific biological function; and they comprises mainly of amino acid sequences that are held together by a special type of covalent bonds known as peptide bonds. They are macromolecules that consist of long chains of amino acids held together in structural forms known as

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Biotechnology, Molecular Microbiologyenzymes, protein, protein structure

PURINES & PYRIMIDINES

DrChika

Purines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consist of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines are the larger of the two types of bases found in DNA. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. Purines unlike pyrimidines (which have

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Biotechnology, Molecular Microbiologynucleoside, NUCLEOTIDES, purines, pyrimidines

NUCLEOTIDES

DrChika

Nucleotides are nucleosides with one or more phosphate groups covalently attached to the 3′ or 5′-hydroxyl group(s) (OH–) of a pentose sugar. A nucleoside is one of the four (4) DNA bases (i.e. adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine) covalently attached to the carbon-one (C1) position of a sugar molecule such as the pentose sugar. Deoxyribose

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Biotechnology, Molecular Microbiologynucleoside, NUCLEOTIDES, purines, pyrimidines